Vitamins Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Water soluble vitamins
A
B and C
2
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E, and K
3
Q
Beri-beri
A
Thiamin deficiency. Wet beriberi presents with edema, dry beriberi presents with muscle wasting
4
Q
Pellagra
A
Niacin deficiency
5
Q
Intrinsic factor
A
Vitamin B12, requires intrinsic factor glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum
6
Q
Relationship between folate and vitamin B12
A
Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of new cells, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes, and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids
7
Q
What is beta-carotene? Where do we find it?
A
A red-orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables, precursor to vitamin A. Also an antioxidant, helps protect body from diseases including cancer
8
Q
Another vitamin precursor..?
A
Cholesterol, serves as precursor for vitamin D synthesis
9
Q
Which vitamins are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
A
Vitamin K
10
Q
What does RAE measure?
A
reference to vitamin A and measures retinol activity
11
Q
What is alpha-tocopherol?
A
Vitamin E; 4 different tocopherol compounds, but only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings
12
Q
Thiamin
A
involved in energy metabolism as part of the coenzyme thiamin pryophosphate (TPP). Pyruvate to actylCoA; TCA cycle. B1
13
Q
Thiamin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
A
Deficiency Symptoms: enlarged heart and possible cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss.
Deficiency results in disease beriberi.
No reported toxicities
14
Q
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
A
Thiamin deficiency, develops in those who abuse alcohol
15
Q
Thiamin Food sources
A
whole-grain, fortified or enriched grain products, moderate amounts in all foods, pork
16
Q
Riboflavin
A
involved in energy metabolism, TCA cycle; e-transport chain; pyruvate to actylCoA; fatty acids to acetylCoA. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are coenzyme forms. Easily destroyed by UV light and irradiation. Not destroyed by cooking. B2
17
Q
Riboflavin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
A
Deficiency symptoms: inflamed eyelids, sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea. Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth known as cheilosis. Painful, smooth and purplish red tongue known as gossitis.
18
Q
Ariboflavinosis
A
riboflavin deficiency disease
19
Q
Riboflavin Food sources
A
milk products (yogurt & cheese) enriched and whole grains, liver
20
Q
Niacin
A
involved in metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP the phosphate form of NAD are coenzyme forms. TCA cycle; e-transport chain. B3
21
Q
Niacin Deficiency Symptoms
A
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting. Inflamed, swollen, smooth and bright red tongue. Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss o memory, and headache. Rash when exposed to sunlight.
22
Q
Pellagra
A
Niacin deficiency disease
23
Q
Niacin Toxicity symptoms
A
Niacin flush dilates the capillaries and may be painful. Painful flush, hives, and rash. Excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance.
24
Q
Niacin Food Sources
A
Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts and all protein-containing foods, mushrooms
25
Biotin
part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism (TCA cycle), assists in glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism
26
Biotin deficiency and toxicity symptoms
deficiencies are rare. Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb/tingling sensation in arms and legs, red, scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth, hair loss. No reported toxicities
27
Biotin Food sources
widespread in foods. organ meats, egg yolks and fish. Soybeans and whole grains. Biotin can also be synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
28
Pantothenic Acid
involved in energy metabolism, part of coenzyme A
29
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency is rare. Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin. No reported toxicities.
30
Pantothenic Acid Food sources
widespread in foods, organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains. Can be destroyed by freezing, caning, and refining.
31
Vitamin B6
coenzyme forms vitamin B6 pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine phosphate PMP are involved in amino and fatty acid metabolism, conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, production of red blood cells.
32
Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms
Scaly dermatitis, anemia (small cell type) depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern and convulsions. Alcohol destroys the vitamin. INH drug used for tuberculosis acts as an antagonist.
33
Vitamin B6 Toxicity Symptoms
Depression, fatigue, irritability, and headaches. Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to inability to walk. Convulsions, skin lesions
34
Vitamin B6 Food Sources
Meats, fish, poultry, liver, legumes, soy products, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals.
35
Folate
folic acid, folacin, pterolyglutamic acid (PGA) involved in synthesis of DNA and formation of new cells. coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHG (dihyrofolate) require vitamin B12 to funciton correctly . Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
36
Neutral tube defects and folate
spina bifida and anencephaly
37
Pregnant women should take folate supplements (True/False)
True
38
Folate and Heart Disease
high levels of homocysteine and low levels of folate increase risk of heart disease. Folate breaks down homocysteine. Folate may help prevent some cancers while excess may increase risk for some.
39
Folate Deficiency symptoms
macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, large cell type. Smooth red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability and headaches.
Most vulnerable of all vitamins to interact with meds (anticancer drug, antacids and aspirin, birth control pills)
40
Folate toxicity
Masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms
41
Folate food sources
fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds and liver
42
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
involved in synthesis of new cells maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids. Methylcobalamine and deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the coenzyme forms. Requires intrinsic factor- glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum.
43
Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity symptoms
anemia, large cell type. fatigue and depression. degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis.
44
Atrophic gastritis
in older adults destroys stomach cells, which diminishes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid production (vitamin b12)
45
pernicious anemia
vitamin b12 deficiency
46
Vitamin B12 food sources
Naturally occurs in animal food only! Meat, fish, poultry and shellfish. Milk, cheese and eggs. Fortified cereals; fortified soy beverages
47
Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C
Antiscobutic factor, original name. Cofactor to facilitate action of enzyme and also serves as antioxidant. Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
48
Vitamin C roles
Antioxidant: defends agains free radicals, protects tissues from oxidative stress.
Cofactor in Collagen Formation: collagen used for bones, teeth, scar tissue and artery walls- works with iron to form hydroxiproline which is needed for collagen formation.
49
Other roles for VItamin C
As a cofactor in other reactions: fatty acid oxidation, converts tryptophan to neurotransmitters, makes hormones. Vitamin C needs increase during body stress. Vitamin C deactivates histamine with an antihisamine.
50
Vitamin C Deficiency symptoms
anemia- small cell type, atherosclerotic plaques and pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility and joint pain, poor woud healing and frequent infections, bleeding gums and loosened teeth, muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, and depression, rough skin and blotchy bruises
51
Scurvy
vitamin C deficiency
52
Vitamin C toxicity symptoms
nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, and insomnia, hot flashes, and rashes, interference with medical tests, creating a false positive or a false negative, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract infections and kidney stones
53
Vitamin C Food source
citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, papayas, and mangoes. Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables like green peppers and broccoli, lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes.
54
Vitamin A
found in body in compounds known as retinoids: retinal, retinal, and retinoic acid. Function roles in vision, healthy epithelial cells and growth.
55
Retinol binding protein (RBP)
allows vitamin A to be transported throughout the body.
56
Roles of Vitamin A In vision:
helps maintain cornea, conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at retina, rhodopsin is a light sensitive pigment of the retina that contains a protein called opsin plus one molecule of retinal.
57
Roles of Vitamin A in Protein Synthesis and Cell diferentiation
differentiation, vitamin a allows cells to perform specific functions. Epithelial cells: protects the integrity of internal mucous membranes
58
Vitamin A in reproduction and growth
sperm development in men, normal fetal development in women, growth in children, remodeling of the bone involves osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lysosomes
59
Vitamin A deficiency
90% stored in liver- would take a year or more to develop a deficiency in the presence of inadequate intake. Infectious diseases, impaired immunity correlates with vitamin A deficiency in children. Night blindness, first detectable sign of vitamin a deficiency. blindness, keratinization
60
hypovitaminosis A
vitamin a deficiency disease
61
vitamin a toxicity
bone defects, increased activity of osteoclasts causes weakened bones and contributes to osteoporosis and fractures. birth defects, teratogenic risk. not for acne
62
Hypervitaminosis A
toxicity disease of vitamin a. chronic toxicity symptoms include liver abnormalities. acute toxicity symptoms: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, and pressure in skull
63
vitamin a in foods
Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine and eggs. Beta carotene: spinach and other dark green leafy veggies, deep orange fruits (cantaloupe) deep orange veggies (carrots). liver rich in vitamin a
64
vitamin D
calciferol, a nonessential nutrient that acts like a hormone in the body, body can make vitamin d with help from sunlight. (Ergo: plant & chole=animal). Activation occurs through action of the liver and kidneys
65
Roles of Vitamin D
Bone growth: maintenance of blood serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. Immune system, brain and nervous system. Pancreas, skin, muscle, cartilage, and reporductive organs.
66
Vitamin D deficiency factors
dark sin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, use of nonfortified milk
67
Rickets
vitamin D deficiency, affects mainly children worldwide. inadequate calcification of bones, growth retardation
68
Osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency, affects adults, soft flexible brittle and deformed bones, progressive weakness
69
Osteoporosis
Vitamin D deficiency, loss of calcium from bones due to inadequate synthesis of vitamin D
70
Vitamin D toxicity
sunlight/food not likely to cause toxicity. high does supplements may cause toxicity, elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissue, frequent urination
71
hypercalcemia
high blood calcium, often associated with vitamin D excess
72
hypervitaminosis D
toxicity disease of vitamin D
73
Vitamin D in foods
fortified milk, fortified cereals, chocolate mixes, soy beverages, veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish and their oils, mushrooms
74
Vitamin D from sun
synthesized in body from cholesterol, SPF of 8 and above prevents synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight, obtained from tanning beds depending on type of UV radiation
75
Vitamin E
only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings.
76
Vitamin E antioxidant
stops chain reaction of free radicals, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A, protects oxidation of LDLs
77
Vitamin E deficiency
inadequate intake is rare
78
Erythrocyte hemolysiss
occurs in premature infants- breaking open of RBCs. hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E
79
Vitamin E Deficiency symtoms
loss of muscle coordination and reflexes, impaired vision and speech, nerve damage. supplements doesn't prevent/cure muscular dystrophy. fibrocystic breast disease responds to vitamin E treatment. intermittent claudiication responds to vitamin E treatment
80
Vitamin E toxicity
rare, least toxic of fat soluble vitamins, may augment effects of anticlotting medication
81
vitamin e in foods
polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressing and shortenings) leafy green veggies, wheat germ, whole grains, liver and egg yolks, nuts and seads, easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
82
vitamin K
Also known as phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, and naphthoquinone
Vitamin K is unique in that half of human needs are met through the action of intestinal bacteria.
Vitamin K is essential in blood clotting
Vitamin K deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding.
Deficiencies can occur in newborn infants and people taking antibiotics.
83
Vitamin K roles
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
Without vitamin K, a hemorrhagic disease may develop.
Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder and is not cured with vitamin K.
84
Vitamin K Deficiency
Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use of antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose of vitamin K at birth because of a sterile intestinal tract.
85
Vitamin K toxicity
Uncommon
No known toxicities
High doses can decrease the effectiveness of anticlotting medications. Need to avoid/limit if on coumadin (warfarin) therapy.
86
Vitamin K sources
Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type vegetables
Milk
87
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
88
Beri-beri
Thiamin deficiency. Wet beriberi presents with edema, dry beriberi presents with muscle wasting
89
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency
90
Intrinsic factor
Vitamin B12, requires intrinsic factor glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum
91
Relationship between folate and vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of new cells, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes, and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids
92
What is beta-carotene? Where do we find it?
A red-orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables, precursor to vitamin A. Also an antioxidant, helps protect body from diseases including cancer
93
Another vitamin precursor..?
Cholesterol, serves as precursor for vitamin D synthesis
94
Which vitamins are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
Vitamin K
95
What does RAE measure?
reference to vitamin A and measures retinol activity
96
What is alpha-tocopherol?
Vitamin E; 4 different tocopherol compounds, but only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings
97
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
involved in energy metabolism as part of the coenzyme thiamin pryophosphate (TPP). Pyruvate to actylCoA; TCA cycle
98
Thiamin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency Symptoms: enlarged heart and possible cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss.
Deficiency results in disease beriberi.
No reported toxicities
99
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Thiamin deficiency, develops in those who abuse alcohol
100
Thiamin Food sources
whole-grain, fortified or enriched grain products, moderate amounts in all foods, pork
101
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
involved in energy metabolism, TCA cycle; e-transport chain; pyruvate to actylCoA; fatty acids to acetylCoA. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are coenzyme forms. Easily destroyed by UV light and irradiation. Not destroyed by cooking.
102
Riboflavin Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms: inflamed eyelids, sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea. Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth known as cheilosis. Painful, smooth and purplish red tongue known as gossitis.
103
Ariboflavinosis
riboflavin deficiency disease
104
Riboflavin Food sources
milk products (yogurt & cheese) enriched and whole grains, liver
105
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
involved in metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP the phosphate form of NAD are coenzyme forms. TCA cycle; e-transport chain
106
Niacin Deficiency Symptoms
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting. Inflamed, swollen, smooth and bright red tongue. Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss o memory, and headache. Rash when exposed to sunlight.
107
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency disease
108
Niacin Toxicity symptoms
Niacin flush dilates the capillaries and may be painful. Painful flush, hives, and rash. Excessive sweating, blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance.
109
Niacin Food Sources
Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts and all protein-containing foods, mushrooms
110
Biotin
part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism (TCA cycle), assists in glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid metabolism
111
Biotin deficiency and toxicity symptoms
deficiencies are rare. Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb/tingling sensation in arms and legs, red, scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth, hair loss. No reported toxicities
112
Biotin Food sources
widespread in foods. organ meats, egg yolks and fish. Soybeans and whole grains. Biotin can also be synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
113
Pantothenic Acid
involved in energy metabolism, part of coenzyme A
114
Pantothenic Acid Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
Deficiency is rare. Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy, hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin. No reported toxicities.
115
Pantothenic Acid Food sources
widespread in foods, organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains. Can be destroyed by freezing, caning, and refining.
116
Vitamin B6
coenzyme forms vitamin B6 pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine phosphate PMP are involved in amino and fatty acid metabolism, conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, production of red blood cells
117
Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms
Scaly dermatitis, anemia (small cell type) depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern and convulsions. Alcohol destroys the vitamin. INH drug used for tuberculosis acts as an antagonist.
118
Vitamin B6 Toxicity Symptoms
Depression, fatigue, irritability, and headaches. Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to inability to walk. Convulsions, skin lesions
119
Vitamin B6 Food Sources
Meats, fish, poultry, liver, legumes, soy products, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals.
120
Folate
folic acid, folacin, pterolyglutamic acid (PGA) involved in synthesis of DNA and formation of new cells. coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHG (dihyrofolate) require vitamin B12 to funciton correctly . Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
121
Neutral tube defects and folate
spina bifida and anencephaly
122
Pregnant women should take folate supplements (True/False)
True
123
Folate and Heart Disease
high levels of homocysteine and low levels of folate increase risk of heart disease. Folate breaks down homocysteine. Folate may help prevent some cancers while excess may increase risk for some.
124
Folate Deficiency symptoms
macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, large cell type. Smooth red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability and headaches.
Most vulnerable of all vitamins to interact with meds (anticancer drug, antacids and aspirin, birth control pills)
125
Folate toxicity
Masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms
126
Folate food sources
fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds and liver
127
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
involved in synthesis of new cells maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids. Methylcobalamine and deoxyadenosylcobalamin are the coenzyme forms. Requires intrinsic factor- glycoprotein secreted in stomach, facilitates receptor recognition in ileum.
128
Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity symptoms
anemia, large cell type. fatigue and depression. degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis.
129
Atrophic gastritis
in older adults destroys stomach cells, which diminishes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid production (vitamin b12)
130
pernicious anemia
vitamin b12 deficiency
131
Vitamin B12 food sources
Naturally occurs in animal food only! Meat, fish, poultry and shellfish. Milk, cheese and eggs. Fortified cereals; fortified soy beverages
132
Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C
Antiscobutic factor, original name. Cofactor to facilitate action of enzyme and also serves as antioxidant. Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
133
Vitamin C roles
Antioxidant: defends agains free radicals, protects tissues from oxidative stress.
Cofactor in Collagen Formation: collagen used for bones, teeth, scar tissue and artery walls- works with iron to form hydroxiproline which is needed for collagen formation.
134
Other roles for VItamin C
As a cofactor in other reactions: fatty acid oxidation, converts tryptophan to neurotransmitters, makes hormones. Vitamin C needs increase during body stress. Vitamin C deactivates histamine with an antihisamine.
135
Vitamin C Deficiency symptoms
anemia- small cell type, atherosclerotic plaques and pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility and joint pain, poor woud healing and frequent infections, bleeding gums and loosened teeth, muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, and depression, rough skin and blotchy bruises
136
Scurvy
vitamin C deficiency
137
Vitamin C toxicity symptoms
nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, and insomnia, hot flashes, and rashes, interference with medical tests, creating a false positive or a false negative, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract infections and kidney stones
138
Vitamin C Food source
citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, papayas, and mangoes. Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables like green peppers and broccoli, lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes.
139
Vitamin A
found in body in compounds known as retinoids: retinal, retinal, and retinoic acid. Function roles in vision, healthy epithelial cells and growth.
140
Retinol binding protein (RBP)
allows vitamin A to be transported throughout the body.
141
Roles of Vitamin A In vision:
helps maintain cornea, conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at retina, rhodopsin is a light sensitive pigment of the retina that contains a protein called opsin plus one molecule of retinal.
142
Roles of Vitamin A in Protein Synthesis and Cell diferentiation
differentiation, vitamin a allows cells to perform specific functions. Epithelial cells: protects the integrity of internal mucous membranes
143
Vitamin A in reproduction and growth
sperm development in men, normal fetal development in women, growth in children, remodeling of the bone involves osteoclasts, osteoblasts and lysosomes
144
Vitamin A deficiency
90% stored in liver- would take a year or more to develop a deficiency in the presence of inadequate intake. Infectious diseases, impaired immunity correlates with vitamin A deficiency in children. Night blindness, first detectable sign of vitamin a deficiency. blindness, keratinization
145
hypovitaminosis A
vitamin a deficiency disease
146
vitamin a toxicity
bone defects, increased activity of osteoclasts causes weakened bones and contributes to osteoporosis and fractures. birth defects, teratogenic risk. not for acne
147
Hypervitaminosis A
toxicity disease of vitamin a. chronic toxicity symptoms include liver abnormalities. acute toxicity symptoms: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, and pressure in skull
148
vitamin a in foods
Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine and eggs. Beta carotene: spinach and other dark green leafy veggies, deep orange fruits (cantaloupe) deep orange veggies (carrots). liver rich in vitamin a
149
vitamin D
calciferol, a nonessential nutrient that acts like a hormone in the body, body can make vitamin d with help from sunlight. (Ergo: plant & chole=animal). Activation occurs through action of the liver and kidneys
150
Roles of Vitamin D
Bone growth: maintenance of blood serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. Immune system, brain and nervous system. Pancreas, skin, muscle, cartilage, and reporductive organs.
151
Vitamin D deficiency factors
dark sin, breastfeeding without supplementation, lack of sunlight, use of nonfortified milk
152
Rickets
vitamin D deficiency, affects mainly children worldwide. inadequate calcification of bones, growth retardation
153
Osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency, affects adults, soft flexible brittle and deformed bones, progressive weakness
154
Osteoporosis
Vitamin D deficiency, loss of calcium from bones due to inadequate synthesis of vitamin D
155
Vitamin D toxicity
sunlight/food not likely to cause toxicity. high does supplements may cause toxicity, elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissue, frequent urination
156
hypercalcemia
high blood calcium, often associated with vitamin D excess
157
hypervitaminosis D
toxicity disease of vitamin D
158
Vitamin D in foods
fortified milk, fortified cereals, chocolate mixes, soy beverages, veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish and their oils, mushrooms
159
Vitamin D from sun
synthesized in body from cholesterol, SPF of 8 and above prevents synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight, obtained from tanning beds depending on type of UV radiation
160
Vitamin E
only alpha-tocopherol has vitamin E activity in human beings.
161
Vitamin E antioxidant
stops chain reaction of free radicals, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A, protects oxidation of LDLs
162
Vitamin E deficiency
inadequate intake is rare
163
Erythrocyte hemolysiss
occurs in premature infants- breaking open of RBCs. hemolytic anemia can be treated with vitamin E
164
Vitamin E Deficiency symtoms
loss of muscle coordination and reflexes, impaired vision and speech, nerve damage. supplements doesn't prevent/cure muscular dystrophy. fibrocystic breast disease responds to vitamin E treatment. intermittent claudiication responds to vitamin E treatment
165
Vitamin E toxicity
rare, least toxic of fat soluble vitamins, may augment effects of anticlotting medication
166
vitamin e in foods
polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressing and shortenings) leafy green veggies, wheat germ, whole grains, liver and egg yolks, nuts and seads, easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
167
vitamin K
Also known as phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, and naphthoquinone
Vitamin K is unique in that half of human needs are met through the action of intestinal bacteria.
Vitamin K is essential in blood clotting
Vitamin K deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding.
Deficiencies can occur in newborn infants and people taking antibiotics.
168
Vitamin K roles
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood calcium
Without vitamin K, a hemorrhagic disease may develop.
Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder and is not cured with vitamin K.
169
Vitamin K Deficiency
Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with use of antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose of vitamin K at birth because of a sterile intestinal tract.
170
Vitamin K toxicity
Uncommon
No known toxicities
High doses can decrease the effectiveness of anticlotting medications. Need to avoid/limit if on coumadin (warfarin) therapy.
171
Vitamin K sources
Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type vegetables
Milk
