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Vitamins > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of Vitamin A

A

Fat soluble, stored in liver, carotene-precursor, provitamin; toxic level 10,000 IU

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2
Q

Function of Vitamin A

A

skin, vision

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3
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

yellow, orange fruits; dark green, leafy vegetables (cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potatoes)

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4
Q

Vitamin A Needs

A

M: 900 ug
F: 700 ug

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5
Q

Vitamin A deficiencies

A

night blindness (nyctalopia)-reversible;
Xerophthalmia (corneal damage)-not reversible
Bitot’s spots on conjunctiva
Dry, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)

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6
Q

Properties of Vitamin D

A

Fat soluble
Cholesterol is precursor
UV light
7 dehydrocholesterol –> D3 cholecalciferol –> D2 –> ergocalciferol

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7
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

Ca, P metabolism

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8
Q

Sources of Vitamin D

A

Sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk

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9
Q

Vitamin D Needs

A

AI: 5-15 ug

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10
Q

Vitamin D Deficiencies

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

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11
Q

Vitamin E Properties

A

Tocopherol, fat soluble, one of least toxic vitamins

UL: 1000 mgs

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12
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

antioxidant

resists hemolysis of RBC

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13
Q

Vitamin E sources

A

vegetable oils, whole grains, green vegetables, almonds

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14
Q

Vitamin E needs

A

15 mg

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15
Q

Vitamin E deficiencies

A

hemolytic anemia (RBC destroyed faster than they are made)

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16
Q

Vitamin K Properties

A

fat soluble, synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract
no toxicity symptoms

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17
Q

Vitamin K functions

A

forms prothrombin in liver: aids in blood clotting
given pre-surgery
calcium metabolism

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18
Q

vitamin K sources

A

spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy vegetables

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19
Q

vitamin K needs

A

M: 120 ug
F: 90 ug

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20
Q

Vitamin K deficiencies

A

hemorrhage

affected by mineral oil, antibiotics, and anticoagulants

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21
Q

Vitamin B1 Properties

A

Thiamin
water-soluble
lost as temp. or pH rises
heat stable in acid

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22
Q

B1 function

A

Thiamin
oxidation of CHO
increased CHO = increased need
metabolism of pyruvate

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23
Q

B1 sources

A

grains, wheat germ, pork, liver

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24
Q

B1 needs

A

M: 1.2
F: 1.1

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25
Q

B1 deficiencies

A

Beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia
decreased erythrocyte transketolase
increased plasma pyruvate

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26
Q

Vitamin B2 Properties

A

Riboflavin

lost in UV light

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27
Q

Vitamin B2 functions

A

energy release from protein

red cell production

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28
Q

B2 sources

A

liver, kidney, meat, milk

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29
Q

B2 needs

A

M: 1.3 mg
F: 1.1 mg

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30
Q

B2 deficiencies

A

growth failure
cheilosis- cracked lips
angular stomatitis: mouth, corner cracks, sore throat
Magenta tongue

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31
Q

Niacin properties

A

precursor: tryptophan

essential in all cells for energy production and metabolism

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32
Q

niacin functions

A

metabolism of CHO, protein, fat

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33
Q

niacin sources

A

protein, peanuts, ready-to-eat cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, milk

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34
Q

niacin needs

A

M: 16 NE
F: 14 NE

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35
Q

niacin deficiences

A

pellagra: dermatitis (skin irritation), diarrhea, dementia (3Ds for vitamin B3)
beefy, bright, red tongue
symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight

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36
Q

Folate properties

A

water-soluble

PABA is precursor

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37
Q

Folate functions

A

DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube defects

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38
Q

Folate sources

A

fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils, beans

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39
Q

Folate needs

A

400 ug

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40
Q

Folate deficienceis

A

megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia

diarrhea, fatigue

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41
Q

Vitamin B6 properties

A

pyridoxine

INH-isoniazid (B6 antagonist)

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42
Q

B6 functions

A

coenzyme in amino acid metabolism: deamination/transamination
increased PRO = increased pyridoxine

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43
Q

B6 sources

A

meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, ready-to-eat cereals

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44
Q

B6 needs

A

M: 1.2-1.7 mg
F: 1.3-1.5 mg

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45
Q

B6 deficiencies

A

seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy

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46
Q

B12 properties

A

Cyanocobalamin (man made source of vit B12)
contains cobalt
bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice

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47
Q

B12 functions

A

coenzyme in PRO synthesis

forms RBC

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48
Q

B12 Sources

A

liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese

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49
Q

B12 needs

A

2.4 ug

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50
Q

B12 deficiencies

A 
Microcytic, megaloblastic anemia
pernicious anemia (B12 anemia)-after gastrectomy or removal of ileum 
due to lack of intrinsic factor
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51
Q

Pantothenic Acid functions

A

coenzyme A: energy

synthesis of fatty acids

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52
Q

Pantothenic Acid sources

A

animal foods, grains, legumes

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53
Q

Pantothenic Acid needs

A

AI: 5 mg

54
Q

Pantothenic Acid deficiencies

A

rare deficiency

paresthesia (burning) in feet

55
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) properties

A

most easily destroyed, structure like glucose
antioxidant
needs acidic pH
destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation

56
Q

Vitamin C functions

A

changes proline –> hydroxyproline –> collagen (strengthens intercellular substances)
wound healing
aids iron absorption

57
Q

Vitamin C sources

A

citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green, yellow vegetables

58
Q

Vitamin C needs

A

75-90 mg

59
Q

Vitamin C deficiencies

A

scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae (purple, brown, red spots on skin)

60
Q

Biotin properies

A

synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg whites)

61
Q

Biotin functions

A

coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

62
Q

Biotin sources

A

liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast

63
Q

Biotin needs

A

AI 30 ug

64
Q

Biotin deficiences

A

muscle pain, dermatitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)

65
Q

Myo-Inositol properties

A

in plants as phytic acid related to sugar

contains phosphorus vitmain-like factor

66
Q

Myo-Inositol functions

A

binds calcium, zinc, iron

membrane structure

67
Q

Myo-Inositol sources

A

outer husks of cereal grains, leafy green vegetables

68
Q

Calcium properties

A

most abundant mineral
regulated by parathyroid hormone
vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorption
calcitonin lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption

69
Q

Calcium function

A

blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility

70
Q

Calcium sources

A

dairy products, leafy vegetables, legumes

71
Q

Calcium needs

A

1000-1200 mg

72
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

hypocalcemia leads to tetany (spasms in hands/feet, cramps, spasm of voice box, overactive neurological reflexes)

73
Q

Phosphorus properties

A

second most abundant mineral

part of DNA, RNA, ATP

74
Q

Phosphorus functions

A

phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood

bone, teeth

75
Q

Phosphorus sources

A

meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese

76
Q

Phosphorus needs

A

700 mg

77
Q

Phosphorus deficiency

A

rare

78
Q

Iron properties

A 
trace mineral 
part of hemoglobin
food iron: ferric 
absorbable: ferrous 
stored: ferritin
79
Q

Iron functions

A

oxygen transport

80
Q

Iron sources

A

heme iron: animal foods, meat, fish, poultry
non-heme iron: cereals, vegetables, poorly absorbed
absorption aided by gastric juice, vitamin C
calcium helps absorption in oxalates are present
*doesn’t help absorption: eggs, tea, milk, cheese

81
Q

Iron Needs:

A

M: 8 mg
F: 18 mg

82
Q

Iron deficiencies

A

pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, spoon-shaped nails, pale conjunctivae (mucous membranes lining eyelid)

83
Q

Magnesium properties

A

part of chlorophyll

50% in bone, 50% in cells

84
Q

Magnesium functions

A

protein and fatty acid synthesis
stabilizes structure of ATP
High protein, calcium, vitamin D increases need

85
Q

Magnesium sources

A

most foods, milk, bread

86
Q

Magnesium needs

A

M: 420 mg
F: 320 mg

87
Q

Magnesium deficiencies

A

rare-tremors

88
Q

Zinc properties

A

trace mineral

excess leads to copper or iron deficiency

89
Q

Zinc functions

A

increases taste acuity
enhances insulin action
stabilizes DNA, RNA, cell division

90
Q

Zinc sources

A

meat, liver, eggs, fish

phytates and copper decrease absorption

91
Q

Zinc needs

A

M: 11 mg
F: 8 mg

92
Q

Zinc deficiencies

A

reduced immune function, alopecia (hair falling out), poor wound healing, hypogeusia (reduced ability to taste things)

93
Q

Iodine properties

A

trace mineral

part of thyroxine

94
Q

Iodine sources

A

seafoods, iodized salt

95
Q

Iodine needs

A

150 ug

96
Q

Iodine deficiences

A

Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)

97
Q

Fluoride properties

A

trace mineral

98
Q

Fluoride functions

A

teeth, bones

99
Q

Fluoride sources

A

soil, water

100
Q

Fluoride needs

A

M: 4 mg
F: 3 mg

101
Q

Fluoride deficiences

A

Dental caries

102
Q

Copper properties

A

trace mineral

attached to the protein ceruloplasmin

103
Q

Copper functions

A

hemoglobin synthesis

aids iron absorption

104
Q

Copper sources

A

liver, kidney, shellfish

105
Q

Copper needs

A

900 ug

106
Q

Copper deficiencies

A

rare: microcytic anemia, neutropenia

Wilson’s disease: low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme

107
Q

Selenium properties

A

cooperates with Vitamin E

Trace mineral

108
Q

Selenium functions

A

antioxidant

tissue respiration

109
Q

Selenium sources

A

soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy

110
Q

Selenium needs

A

M: 55 ug
F: 45 ug

111
Q

Selenium deficiencies

A

myalgia (muscle pain), cardiac myopathy

112
Q

Manganese properties

A

trace minerals

113
Q

Manganese functions

A

Central nervous system

114
Q

Manganese sources

A

whole grains, legumes, nuts

115
Q

Manganese needs

A

1.8-2.3 ug

116
Q

Manganese deficiency

A

unlikely

117
Q

Chromium properties

A

absorption enhanced by vitamin C, niacin

ultra-trace mineral

118
Q

Chromium functions

A

aids insulin action

glucose metabolism

119
Q

Chromium sources

A

yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver

120
Q

Chromium needs

A

25-35 ug

121
Q

Chromium deficiency

A

insulin resistance

122
Q

Cobalt properties

A

exists with B12

stored in liver

123
Q

Cobalt functions

A

maturation of red blood cells

124
Q

Cobalt deficiency

A

related to B12 seficiency

125
Q

Sulfur properties

A

part of amino acids cysteine, cystine methionine

126
Q

Sulfur functions

A

component of organic molecules

127
Q

Sulfur sources

A

meat, fish, eggs, poultry

128
Q

Sulfur needs

A

425-550 mg AI

129
Q

Choline properties

A

component of lecithin

130
Q

Choline functions

A

transports lipids as acetylcholine

131
Q

Choline sources

A

fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans

Vitamins (1 decks)

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