Vitamins and minerals Flashcards
(25 cards)
causes and consequences of hypophosphatemia
- decrease absorption due to gastrointestinal disease and Vit D3 deficiency, presence of Fe and Ai
- decreased bone phosphate release and excessive renal phosphate loss
- also with diarrhoea, vomiting, pregnancy and lactation
- consequence = ataxia, coma, ileus, cardiomyopathies, metabolic acidosis
PP mechanism involved in occurrence of hypocalcaemia
- decreased Ca absorption due to Vit D3 defieicny, decreased dietary ca or increased amounts of phosphates
- Fatty foods, increased Mg levels reduce level of Ca absorption
- due to production of abnormal parathyroid hormone
- hypoalbumineamia results in less ca binding
- titanic contractions, NS irritability, depression, weakness, uncoordinated movement and bradycardia
meller-bravovl;s disease
deficiency of Vit C in infants - changes in bones due to insufficient synthesis osteoid tissue and bleeding gin bone tissue below periosteum
consequences of ascorbic acid deficit
leads to scruvy. manifested by synthesis of unstable collagen, causing slower and weaker wound healing, rupture of capillaries and bleeding
- changes in teeth, bones and joints
0 anaemia and weakness
- most animals can synthesis it
causes and consequences of Vit B12 deficiency
- poor nutrition, decreased intestinal absorption and disturbed utilisation.
- prolonged antimicrobial drug application
- autoimmune diseases
- anaemia is a consueqnece, paraesthesia, weakness, disturbances in tendon reflexes
- growth retardation, reproductive disroders
- appetite loss
indicate possible cause and consequences of folic acid deficiency
consequence of inadequate intake or too much sun exposure and antivitains action deficiency occurs in malignant tumours and alcoholism.
consequences - inflammatory processes in GI tract, fatigue, tachycardia and behavioural disturbances
para aminobenzoic acid toxicity
used in prevention of rheumatic arthritis. but prolonged use can cause increased resistance of microorganisms on sulphonamides and be toxic for parenchymal organs
which animals are sensitive to Vit B3 defiency
dogs - black tongue disease
vit B3 deficiency - black tongue disease
dogs, niacin deficiency manifested as black tongue disease witth ulcerative stomatitis and coagulated blood on tongue surface (black appearance)
- pain = patients eat poorly, lose weight, vomit and have neurological signs. Changes on surface of GI tract = hemorrhagic necrosis , bad breath and salivation
vit B2 deficiency
shown as conjuncitivies or cataracts as well as dermatitis, alopecia and pruiruts
in which situation the need for thiamine increases
depends on physical activity and diet
- needs increased with increased activity and carb intake
thiaminase
enzyme found in horsetail and ferns
excessive intake causes deficiency of thiamine or Vit B1, as it breaks into two molecuels
Vit B1 deficiency
behavioural changes, mood swing, loss of appetite, nausea
- affects N.S -> causing demyelinisation
- Beri-Beri disease - terminal stage = Wernick-Korsakow - clinically can be dry or wet. Dry affects peripheral nerves and wet is more dangerous and less common
vit K antagonist
coumarin anticoagulatns - dicourmarol and warfarin
toxic effect of Vit k
menadione can react with sulphidrilic groups in many tissues causing haemolytic anaemia, hyperbilirubinemia
vit K deficiency
- coagulation factors needs to be carboxylsed to be activated and the coenzyme is Vit K, so if deficiency then lacking coagulation factor activation.
- disturbed bone mineralisation, deficiency leads to fusion of some bones + growth retardation in other bones. permanent brain damage
Vit E hypervitaminosis
- rare but high doses can lead to coagulopathies as consequence of gamma glutamyl transferase activity inhibition and therefore inhibition of Vit K action
nutritional myopathy
- white muscle disease. necrosis and calcification of skeletal muscle and heart.
- vit E and selenium deficiency are crucial
- affected muscle loss striation due to destruction of fibrillar, can’t stand, tremble, collapse, heavy breathing
vit e deficiency
reproductive disturbances - degeneration of testicles and disturbed spermatogenesis. decreased number of fertilised eggs and increase abortion. chickens affects heart and skeletal muscles but also CNS
function of Vit E
antioxidant membrane molecule. neutralised free radicals as ROS, superoxide, hydroperoxide. 1st line of defence. causes disturbed function of muscles
hypervitaminosis D, toxicity
large amount ingested from food. granulomatous disease can provoke increased synthesis of bioactive form of Vit D. toxicity is result of hypercalcemia due to increased calcium and phosphorus absorpition from bone and digestive
causes and consequences of Vit d deficiency in body
- hypovitaminosis - decreased bioavailability/disturbed synthetic process
- low sun exposure, inadequate intake, decreased intestinal absorption
- serious liver and kidney damage, deficiency in young animals causes rickets. bones are soft and flexible. teething is disturbed and teeth are discoloured
vitamin a deficiency
- malnutrition and disturbances in retinol and carotenoid absorption
- 1st symptom = whitish conjunctiva discolcouration
- mod deficiency = nyctalopia, disturbances in night vision
- serious = xeropthalmia
- cattle = mydriasis and blinders and chicken = growth retardation, immune system disorders, dry feathers and beak
hypervitaminosis a
- rare. acute toxicity has non-specific symptoms, chronically is manifested with liver degeneration, hair loss and bone fracture.
- 1st sign = pruiritis and dryness of skin, painful bones, muscles and joint, hair loss, increased intracranial pressure, enlarged liver and lymph nodes
