Vitamins and minerals

Question 1

causes and consequences of hypophosphatemia

Answer 1

• decrease absorption due to gastrointestinal disease and Vit D3 deficiency, presence of Fe and Ai
• decreased bone phosphate release and excessive renal phosphate loss
• also with diarrhoea, vomiting, pregnancy and lactation
• consequence = ataxia, coma, ileus, cardiomyopathies, metabolic acidosis

Question 2

PP mechanism involved in occurrence of hypocalcaemia

Answer 2

• decreased Ca absorption due to Vit D3 defieicny, decreased dietary ca or increased amounts of phosphates
• Fatty foods, increased Mg levels reduce level of Ca absorption
• due to production of abnormal parathyroid hormone
• hypoalbumineamia results in less ca binding
• titanic contractions, NS irritability, depression, weakness, uncoordinated movement and bradycardia

Question 3

meller-bravovl;s disease

Answer 3

deficiency of Vit C in infants - changes in bones due to insufficient synthesis osteoid tissue and bleeding gin bone tissue below periosteum

Question 4

consequences of ascorbic acid deficit

Answer 4

leads to scruvy. manifested by synthesis of unstable collagen, causing slower and weaker wound healing, rupture of capillaries and bleeding
- changes in teeth, bones and joints
0 anaemia and weakness
- most animals can synthesis it

Question 5

causes and consequences of Vit B12 deficiency

Answer 5

• poor nutrition, decreased intestinal absorption and disturbed utilisation.
• prolonged antimicrobial drug application
• autoimmune diseases
• anaemia is a consueqnece, paraesthesia, weakness, disturbances in tendon reflexes
• growth retardation, reproductive disroders
• appetite loss

Question 6

indicate possible cause and consequences of folic acid deficiency

Answer 6

consequence of inadequate intake or too much sun exposure and antivitains action deficiency occurs in malignant tumours and alcoholism.
consequences - inflammatory processes in GI tract, fatigue, tachycardia and behavioural disturbances

Question 7

para aminobenzoic acid toxicity

Answer 7

used in prevention of rheumatic arthritis. but prolonged use can cause increased resistance of microorganisms on sulphonamides and be toxic for parenchymal organs

Question 8

which animals are sensitive to Vit B3 defiency

Answer 8

dogs - black tongue disease

Question 9

vit B3 deficiency - black tongue disease

Answer 9

dogs, niacin deficiency manifested as black tongue disease witth ulcerative stomatitis and coagulated blood on tongue surface (black appearance)
- pain = patients eat poorly, lose weight, vomit and have neurological signs. Changes on surface of GI tract = hemorrhagic necrosis , bad breath and salivation

Question 10

vit B2 deficiency

Answer 10

shown as conjuncitivies or cataracts as well as dermatitis, alopecia and pruiruts

Question 11

in which situation the need for thiamine increases

Answer 11

depends on physical activity and diet

- needs increased with increased activity and carb intake

Question 12

thiaminase

Answer 12

enzyme found in horsetail and ferns

excessive intake causes deficiency of thiamine or Vit B1, as it breaks into two molecuels

Question 13

Vit B1 deficiency

Answer 13

behavioural changes, mood swing, loss of appetite, nausea

• affects N.S -> causing demyelinisation
• Beri-Beri disease - terminal stage = Wernick-Korsakow - clinically can be dry or wet. Dry affects peripheral nerves and wet is more dangerous and less common

Question 14

vit K antagonist

Answer 14

coumarin anticoagulatns - dicourmarol and warfarin

Question 15

toxic effect of Vit k

Answer 15

menadione can react with sulphidrilic groups in many tissues causing haemolytic anaemia, hyperbilirubinemia

Question 16

vit K deficiency

Answer 16

• coagulation factors needs to be carboxylsed to be activated and the coenzyme is Vit K, so if deficiency then lacking coagulation factor activation.
• disturbed bone mineralisation, deficiency leads to fusion of some bones + growth retardation in other bones. permanent brain damage

Question 17

Vit E hypervitaminosis

Answer 17

• rare but high doses can lead to coagulopathies as consequence of gamma glutamyl transferase activity inhibition and therefore inhibition of Vit K action

Question 18

nutritional myopathy

Answer 18

• white muscle disease. necrosis and calcification of skeletal muscle and heart.
• vit E and selenium deficiency are crucial
• affected muscle loss striation due to destruction of fibrillar, can’t stand, tremble, collapse, heavy breathing

Question 19

vit e deficiency

Answer 19

reproductive disturbances - degeneration of testicles and disturbed spermatogenesis. decreased number of fertilised eggs and increase abortion. chickens affects heart and skeletal muscles but also CNS

Question 20

function of Vit E

Answer 20

antioxidant membrane molecule. neutralised free radicals as ROS, superoxide, hydroperoxide. 1st line of defence. causes disturbed function of muscles

Question 21

hypervitaminosis D, toxicity

Answer 21

large amount ingested from food. granulomatous disease can provoke increased synthesis of bioactive form of Vit D. toxicity is result of hypercalcemia due to increased calcium and phosphorus absorpition from bone and digestive

Question 22

causes and consequences of Vit d deficiency in body

Answer 22

• hypovitaminosis - decreased bioavailability/disturbed synthetic process
• low sun exposure, inadequate intake, decreased intestinal absorption
• serious liver and kidney damage, deficiency in young animals causes rickets. bones are soft and flexible. teething is disturbed and teeth are discoloured

Question 23

vitamin a deficiency

Answer 23

• malnutrition and disturbances in retinol and carotenoid absorption
• 1st symptom = whitish conjunctiva discolcouration
• mod deficiency = nyctalopia, disturbances in night vision
• serious = xeropthalmia
• cattle = mydriasis and blinders and chicken = growth retardation, immune system disorders, dry feathers and beak

Question 24

hypervitaminosis a

Answer 24

• rare. acute toxicity has non-specific symptoms, chronically is manifested with liver degeneration, hair loss and bone fracture.
• 1st sign = pruiritis and dryness of skin, painful bones, muscles and joint, hair loss, increased intracranial pressure, enlarged liver and lymph nodes

Question 25

vitamin deficiency

Answer 25

• insufficient amount of food/disturbances in bacterial synthesis in digestive system
• can appear after perusal application of antibiotics with consequent micr-floral misbalance. can be caused by disturbances in digestion and absorption during digestive system disease, including disturbances in bile production and secretion