Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

Vitamins

Answer 1

-tasteless organic compounds (C,H,O and some N, S)
-unique chemical structure, singular unit, absorbed intact, required in small amounts
-perform numerous essential functions, some with more than one role in metabolism

Question 2

Criteria for designating vitamins

Answer 2

-cannot be synthesized in ample amounts in body
-chronic deficiencies cause physical symptoms
-symptoms go away after restored
-deficiency can cause permanent damage
=13 compounds

Question 3

Water Soluble (9)

Answer 3

-b complex and vitamin c
-easily destroyed by heat, light, and oxidation

Question 4

Fat soluble

Answer 4

vitamin D, A, K, E
-absorbed with fat
-generally less bioavailable

Question 5

All absorption takes place in the ____

Answer 5

small intestine
-fat and water soluble differ in absorption and bioavailability

Question 6

Bioavailability

Answer 6

amount in specific food
-prep
-efficiency of digestion and absorption
-individual nutritional status
-natural or synthetic form

Question 7

Fat Soluble absorption and storage

Answer 7

Absorption
-attached to proteins in foods, released in stomach
-absorbed in duodenum
-packaged in chylomicrons-lymph-bloodstream
Storage
-the liver is the main storage for vitamin A (lesser for K and E)
-D is stored in fat and muscle tissue
-can build up in body and cause toxicity

Question 8

Water soluble absorption and excretion

Answer 8

absorption
-absorbed with water directly into bloodstream
-most absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
Excretion
-not stored
-excess excreted through urine

Question 9

Fortified foods

Answer 9

-addition of nutrients by manufacturers, often by FDA regulation
-low quality, replace nutrients that were taken out of the original food source
-prevent or correct dietary deficiencies
-ensure adequate intake

Question 10

Vitamin A

Answer 10

Retinal
-Vision (deficiency leads to blindness)
-hormone like growth factor

Question 11

Carotenoids

Answer 11

pigmented molecules that give intense orange, yellow, red colors and they can be converted to vitamin A
-carotenes that act as antioxidants are: alpha carotene, beta carotene, lycopene

Question 12

Vitamin D

Answer 12

-to synthesize need UV and Cholesterol
-prohormone (D3 and D2)
Functions: calcium homeostasis, bone health, growth and repro, immune function
Deficiency: rickets or osteomalacia

Question 13

Vitamin E

Answer 13

a-tocopherol (most active)
antioxidant- protects cell membrane, prevents oxidation of LDL (randicity)

Question 14

Vitamin K

Answer 14

3 forms:
-menaquinone from bacteria
-phylloquinone green plants
-menadione is synthetic
Function: assists in blood clotting, RBC synthesis, bone health
Deficiency: deficiency severe enough to affect blood clotting is rare

Question 15

B vitamins

Answer 15

act as coenzymes
-convert chemical bonds to ATP

Question 16

Thiamin B1

Answer 16

Important for metabolism and energy production
-Deficiency: Beri Beri and Wernicke- Korsakoff Syndrome

Question 17

Riboflavin B2

Answer 17

2 coenzyme forms in energy prductions
-flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis (inflammation od tissues mouth)

Question 18

Niacin B3

Answer 18

Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide, converted to coenzymes NAD and NADP
-Dairy and meat> plants
-can lower total cholesteral
Deficiency- Pellagra (4D)

Question 19

Pantothenic Acid B5

Answer 19

-very widespread
-energy production and metabolism
-not stored, but high conc, found in liver, kidney, adrenal glands, brain

Question 20

Pyridoxine B6

Answer 20

Coenzyme
-mostly protein and AA synthesis (required in tansamination of non-essential AAs)
-Blood clotting and RBC synthesis
Deficiency
-microcytic hyperchromatic anemia-small, pale
-excessive alcohol depletes B6

Question 21

Biotin B7

Answer 21

-contains sulfur
-coenzyme, DNA replication and transcription of genes
-Deficiency: hair loss, depression, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, lethargy, hallucination

Question 22

Folate B9

Answer 22

Raw>cooked
-Folic acid=synthetic form (1.7x faster)
-Transfers Cs to form new compounds, protein synthesis, RBC and blood clotting
-assists in neural tube development and prevents (neural defects, anencephaly, spina bifida)
-Deficiency: Megoblastic/macrocytic anemia

Question 23

Cobalamin B12

Answer 23

-2 forms both contain cobalt
-activates folate, blood clotting, protein metabolism
Deficiency: macrocytic and pernicious anemia

Question 24

Vitamin C

Answer 24

ascorbic acid
-antioxidant, bone health, immunity, protein metabolism/synthesis
-deficiency- scurvy

Question 25

Choline

Answer 25

-grouped with the B vitamins
-cannot be synthesized by the body
Functions:
-part of phospholipid in cell membranes
-precursor to acetylcholine
-assists in lipid transport
-important in fetal development

Question 26

Minerals

Answer 26

-inorganic elements essential to human nutrition
-14 out of 92 are essential
-not destroyed by heat, acid, O2 or UV light

Question 27

Major minerals (need 100mg/day, min of 5g in body)

Answer 27

Calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chloride
magnesium

Question 28

Trace Minerals

Answer 28

iron
zinc
selenium
chromium
copper
iodine
manganese
molybdenum
-less than 5g in body
-need <20mg

Question 29

Bioavailability minerals

Answer 29

-impacted by nutritional status-deficiency in mineral increase absorption
-competing minerals in GI tract can affect absorption
Other nutrients can improve bioavailabilty
-C enhances Iron
-D enhances Calcium
-animal enhances Zinc

Question 30

Mineral balance is ______

Answer 30

-highly controlled
-are cofactors
-maintain fluid balance (na and cl extra)(K, Ca, Mg, S intra)

Question 31

Calcium

Answer 31

-most abundant
-absorption
–vitamin D, low blood Ca and lactose increase absorption, while low protein decrease abs
Functions
-bone health, muscles, nerves, vascular control, etc
Deficiency: Hypocalcemia (blood Ca levels below normal)

Question 32

Phosphorus

Answer 32

2nd most abundant
-functions:
-formation of bones and teeth
-phospholipids in cell membranes
-atp and creatine

Question 33

potassium

Answer 33

functions: major cation in intracellular fluid, muscles, nerve, heart rate
Toxicity-Hyperkalemia
Deficiency-Hypokalemia

Question 34

Sulfate

Answer 34

oxidized from sulfur
-No RDA, UL, no toxicity or deficiency symptoms

Question 35

Sodium

Answer 35

-regulates blood volume
-nervous and muscle tissue
-toxicity-Hypernatremia
deficiency-hyponatremia

Question 36

Chloride

Answer 36

major electrolyte
-primarily in blood
functions: maintains fluid balance, maintains normal pH range of blood, part HCL
Toxicity is very rare
deficiency is rare (both can occur with dehydration)

Question 37

Magnesium

Answer 37

60% in bones, 35% in muscles
-high fiber, whole grain lowers absorption
functions:
-basic nucleic acid chem, cofactor for 300 enzymes
Deficiency: <15% of pop (alcoholism)

Question 38

Trace mineral functions

Answer 38

Form part of an enzyme complex
-metalloenzymes: an enzyme that contains a metal ion cofactor for activity

Question 39

Iron

Answer 39

immune function, RBC, brain
toxicity: accidental overdose of supp is kids under 6
Deficiency: anemia

Question 40

Zinc

Answer 40

-small amnts in almost all cells
-more than 100 metalloenzymes for protein
-functions: wound healing, immune system, reduces inflammation

Question 41

Iodine

Answer 41

Thyroid gland uses I to make Thyroid hormones
toxicity-impairs thyroid function
deficiency- goiter cretinism

Question 42

Water soluble steps

Answer 42

-hydrolyzed in stomach
-absorbed in duo and jej
-b12 absorbed in ileum
-absorbed directly into the portal vein and transported to liver (stored or sent out)
-excess excreted in urine