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NURS 252 (Pharmacology 2) > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 water-soluble vitamins

A

B-complex group and Vitamin C

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2
Q

What is toxic accumulation of vitamins called?

A

Hypervitaminosis

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3
Q

What are the vitamin A food sources, where are they from and what are they AKA?

A

AKA: Retinol, retinyl palmitate and acetate
Comes from carotenes, which are found in plants (Green veg, yellow veg and fruits)
Food sources: Liver, fish, dairy, egg yolks, dark leafy greens

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4
Q

What are the functions of Vit A?

A

Growth and development of bones and teeth (morphogenesis)
Night and normal vision (rhodopsin)
Reproduction
Integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces
Cholesterol and steroid synthesis

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5
Q

What are the IDs of Vit A?

A

Dietary supplements
Deficiency states
Skin conditions

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6
Q

What are the signs of Vit A toxicity?

A

Irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting, diarrhea
Increased intracranial pressure in infants
Peeling of the skin and erythema

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7
Q

What is vitamin D2 and D3?

A

D2: Ergocalciferol, plant vitamin D obtained through dietary sources
D3: Cholecalciferol, produced in the skin by UV radiation

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8
Q

What are Vitamin D2-containing foods?

A

Fish liver oils, saltwater fish, fortified foods (milk, bread, cereals), animal livers, tuna fish, eggs, butter

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9
Q

What are the functions of Vit D?

A

Works with PTH hormone to regulate absorption of and use of calcium and phosphorus
Necessary for normal calcification of bone and teeth

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10
Q

What are the IDs and forms of Vit D?

A

Rickets, tetany, osteomalacia, prevention of osteoporosis, osteodystrophy, hypocalcemia, hypo-pth-ism, pseudohypo-pth-ism, hypophasphatemia
Forms: Calcifediol, Calcitriol, Dihydrotachysterol, Ergocalciferol

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11
Q

What are the signs of Vit D toxicity?

A

HTN, Dysrhythmias, weakness, fatigue, headache, drowsiness, anorexia, dry mouth, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, constipation, Decreased bone growth, bone pain, muscle pain, polyuria, albuminuria, increase BUN,

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12
Q

What are the dietary plant and animal sources of Vit E?

A

Plant: Fruits, grains, fortified cereals, vegetable oils, wheat germ, nuts
Animal: Eggs, chicken, meats, fish

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13
Q

What is Vit E believed to act as?

A

An antioxidant

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of Vit K?

A

K1: Phytonadione
K2: Menaquinone
K3: Menadione

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15
Q

What are the dietary sources of K1?

A

Green leafy vegetables, cheese, soybean oils

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16
Q

What are the 4 Vit K-dependent clotting factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X

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17
Q

What is the ID of Vit K?

A

Reverses the effects of Warfarin

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18
Q

Name the 7 Vitamin B complexes we need to know

A

B1: Thiamine
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Pantothenic acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B9: Folic acid
B12: Cyanocobalamin

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19
Q

Name an example of Vit C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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20
Q

What are the food sources and deficiencies of thiamine?

A

Food: Enriched whole grain breads and cereals, liver, beans, yeast
Deficiencies: Beriberi, Wernicke’s encephalopathy

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21
Q

What is beriberi and wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

BB: Brain lesions, polyneuropathy of peripheral nerves, serious effusions, cardiac anatomical changes
WE: Cerebral BB

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22
Q

What are the functions of B1?

A

Carb metabolism
Maintains integrity of Peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, GI tract

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23
Q

What are the IDs of B1?

A

Thiamine Deficiency (BB, WE)
Management of poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, chronic diarrhea, and cerebellar syndrome or ataxia

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24
Q

What are the food sources of riboflavin?

A

Green, leafy veg, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast, enriched whole-grain products

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25
Q

What are the causes of B2 deficiency?

A

Alcoholism
Intestinal malabsorption
Long-standing infections
Liver disease
Malignancy
Probenecid therapy

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26
Q

What are the functions of B2?

A

Required to activate B6
Converts tryptophan into niacin
Maintains erythrocyte integrity

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27
Q

What can happen as a result of B2 deficiency?

A

Cutaneous, oral and corneal changes
Cheilosis (chapped or fissured lips)
Seborrheic dermatitis
Keratitis

28
Q

What are the IDs of Riboflavin?

A

Treatment of deficiency
Microcytic anemia
Acne
Migraines

29
Q

What is an AE of B2?

A

Large doses discolour urine yellow orange

30
Q

What are the food sources of Niacin?

A

Beans, turkey, tuna, liver, yeast, peanuts, enriched whole-grain breads and cereals, wheat germ

31
Q

What are the functions of b3?

A

Converted to nicotinamide upon ingestion, which is then converted to two coenzymes
These are required for glycogenolysis and tissue resp. Carb, lipid, protein, and purine metabolism

32
Q

What are the indications of B3?

A

Prevention and treatment of pellagra (niacin deficiency)
Management of dyslipidemia

33
Q

What are the signs of niacin deficiency?

A

Psychotic symptoms
Neurasthenic syndrome
Crusting, erythema, desquamation of skin, scaly dermatitis
Inflammation of mucous membranes
Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea

34
Q

What are the AE of B3?

A

Flushing, pruritus, GI distress

35
Q

What are the food sources of B6?

A

Whole grains, wheat germ, yeast, fortified cereals, fish, organ meats, poultry, meats, eggs, peanuts, nuts, vegetables, bananas

36
Q

What are the functions of pyridoxine?

A

Protein, lipid and carb utilization
Conversion or tryptophan to niacin
Integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes and hematopoietic system

37
Q

What are the signs of B6 deficiency?

A

Sideroblastic anemia
Neurological disturbances
Seborrheic dermatitis
Cheilosis (chapped, fissured lips)
Xanthurenic aciduria

38
Q

What are the causes of b6 deficiency?

A

INH
Hydralazine for HTN
Uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, HF

39
Q

What are the IDs of Pydioxine?

A

Seizures that are unresponsive to usual therapy
Morning sickness

40
Q

What are the food sources of B12?

A

Liver, Kidney, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals

41
Q

What are the functions of cyanocobalamin?

A

Fat and carb metabolism
Protein synthesis
Growth, cell replication
Hematopoiesis
Nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis

42
Q

What are the causes of b12 deficiency and what can it lead to?

A

C: Malabsorption, Poor dietary intake
Leads to: Neurologic damage and megaloblastic anemia

43
Q

What are the natural sources of Vit C?

A

Citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green peppers, liver

44
Q

What are the functions of Vit C?

A

Collagen synthesis
Maintenance of connective tissue
Tissue repair
Maintenance of bone, teeth and capillaries
Folic acid metabolism
Erythropoeisis
Required for the synthesis of lipids, proteins and steroids

45
Q

Prolonged deficiency of vit c results in scurvy, what are its s/s?

A

Weakness, gingivitis and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, SQ hemorrage, bone lesions, delayed healing of soft tissues and bones, hardening of leg muscles

46
Q

What are the IDs of Vit C?

A

Prevention and treatment of scurvy
Urinary acidifier

47
Q

What can megadoses of Vit C cause?

A

Nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, acidified urine, with possible stone formation

48
Q

What do minerals do?

A

Help to regulate muscle contraction, nerve transmission and production of HB

49
Q

What’s the most abundant mineral element in the body?

A

Calcium

50
Q

What are the food sources of calcium?

A

Milk and dairy products, fortified cereals, calcium-fortified OJ, sardines, salmon

51
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

Transmission of nerve impulses
Contraction of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles
Renal function, respiration and blood coagulation

52
Q

What are the causes of Calcium deficiency?

A

Inadequate intake of Vit D
Hypo-pth-ism
Malabsorption syndrome

53
Q

What are the IDs of Calcium?

A

Achlorhydria, Alkalosis, Chronic diarrhea, Hyperphosphatemia, Hypo-pth-sim, Menopause, Pancreatitis, Pregnancy and lactation, Premenstrual syndrome, Renal failure, Sprue, Steatorrhea, Osteoporosis

54
Q

What can sever hypercalcemia cause?

A

Heart irregularities
Delirium
Coma

55
Q

What can happen if hypercalcemia is present in pts with digoxin?

A

Serious cardiac dysrhythmias

56
Q

What are the dietary sources of Mg?

A

Green leafy veg, meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt, bran cereal, nuts

57
Q

What’s a consideration regarding Mg in pts whose diets are high in protein, calcium and phosphorus?

A

Higher amounts of Mg are needed

58
Q

What are the causes of hypomagnesemia?

A

Malabsorption
Alcoholism
Long-term IV feedings
Diuretics

59
Q

What are the IDs of Mg?

A

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
Peds acute nephropathy
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Constipation

60
Q

What are the AE of Mg?

A

Tendon reflex loss
Difficult bowel movements
CNS depression
Resp distress
Heart block
Hypothermia

61
Q

What are the dietary sources of Phosphorus?

A

Milk, yogurt, cheese, peas, meats, fish, eggs

62
Q

What can cause phosphorus deficiency?

A

Malabsorption
Extensive diarrhea or vomiting
Hyperthyroidism
Long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids
Liver disease

63
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

Required for synthesis of Nucleic acid, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine triphosphate

64
Q

What are the AE of phosphorus?

A

Diarrhea, Nausea, vomiting, confusion, weakness, difficulty breathing

65
Q

What are the indications and food sources of Zinc?

A

ID: Normal tissue growth and repair, mainly wound repair
Food: Red meats, liver, oysters, milk products, eggs, beans, nuts, whole grains, fortified cereals, certain seafoods

NURS 252 (Pharmacology 2) (23 decks)

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