vitamins and minerals Flashcards
(76 cards)
0
Q
proper name for vitamin B1
A
thiamin
1
Q
what are the soluble vitamins
A
B1, B2, B3, B6, pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin C
2
Q
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E, and K
3
Q
what is the technical definition of a vitamin
A
organic compounds with essential biochemical functions that are not made by the body
4
Q
RDI of folate
A
400micrograms a day
5
Q
biological role of B1 (thiamin)
A
- coenzyme in pyruvate decarboxylase (for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism)
(links aerobic metabolism of sugars) - nerve function
6
Q
deficiency of vitamin B1 leads to
A
- beriberi syndrome
7
Q
how can you get B1 deficiency
A
- chronic alcoholism (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
- rapid depletion in starvation
- dont eat enough food with B1
8
Q
clinical features of beriberi
A
- extreme weakness
- anaemia
- paralysis
- wasting
- pitting oedema when serum albumin
9
Q
proper name for vitamin B2
A
riboflavin
10
Q
biological role of B2
A
- electron carried (FMN, FAD in TCA cycle) - carbohydrate and fat metabolism
11
Q
what sign do you see with vitamin B2 deficiency
A
markedly swollen and oedematous tongue with a light magenta colour
12
Q
proper name for vitamin B3
A
niacin (nicotinamide)
13
Q
biological role of B3
A
- coenzyme
- electron carrier (NADH and NADPH)
(carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism)
14
Q
deficiency in B3 leads to
A
pellagra
15
Q
proper name for vitamin B6
A
pyridoxine
16
Q
biological role of vitamin B6
A
amino acid metabolism
17
Q
biological role of biotin
A
adding CO2 for glucose, fat and amino acid biosynthesis
18
Q
clinical signs of a biotin deficiency
A
skin of the hands is shiny, dry and scaly
19
Q
why does eating a large amount of raw eggs lead to biotin deficiency
A
because raw eggs contain a lot of avidin which antagonizes the action of biodin
20
Q
biological role of folate
A
one carbon metabolism (DNA, amino acids, fat)
21
Q
food sources of folate
A
green vegetables
liver
fortified cereals
22
Q
what kind of anaemia does folate deficiency lead to
A
macrocytic anaemia
23
Q
in what subset of people is folate deficiency common in
A
- elderly
- chronic alcoholics
24
what is the major sign of folate deficiency
glossitis
| - tongue becomes very painful and red, and the papillae atrophy --> shiny smooth surface
25
biological role of vitamin B12
- coenzyme containing cobalt
- folate metaboilsm
- transalklations (only required in nerves and blood)
26
food sources of B12
meat, egg yolks and cheese
27
clinical sign of vitamin B12 deficiency
pernicious anaemia with premature grey hair and light-colour irises
28
proper name for vitamin B12
cobalamin
29
what are the common reasons for B12 deficiency
- vegans
| - intrinsic factor autoantibodies or parietal cell autoantibodies(needed for absorption of vitamin B12)
30
proper name for vitamin C
ascorbic acid
31
biological role of vitamin C
- cofactor in collagen synthesis
- neurotransmitter metabolism
- iron absorption
- antioxidant
32
biological function of vitamin A
made into retinol --> important for:
- night vision
- epithelium growth (healthy skin and eyes)
33
biological role of vitamin D
important in calcium regulation and bone development
34
result of vitamin D deficiency
- rickets in children
| - osteomalacia
35
biological role of vitamin E
antioxidant - intercepts free radicals
| signal molecule linked to inflammation and cell division
36
biological role of vitamin K
important in blood clotting
37
sources of vitamin K
intestinal flora make it for us
38
what are the major body minerals
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulphate
39
what are the trace minerals of the body
iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium and molybdenum
40
calcium deficiency leads to
- rickets in children
- poor blood clotting
- osteoporosis
41
excess calcium leads to
- impaired kidney function --> kidney stones
- malabsorption of other minerals
- constipation
42
what are the three things that control Ca levels
parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
calcitonin
43
what causes malignant hyperthermia
when muscle releases excess calcium and muscle becomes uncontrolled ATPase --> contraction --> heat and hypertension
44
inheritance of malignant hyperthermia
autosomal dominant
45
what is the drug that you give to someone with malignant hypertension
dantrolene - stops the Ca from coupling to the contraction cycle
46
chief functions of calcium
- mineralisation of bone and teeth
- muscle contraction and relaxation
- nerve functioning
- blood clotting
- blood pressure
47
symptoms of hypophosphatemia
- muscle and neurological dysfunction
| - blood cell fragility due to lack of ATP
48
symptoms of hyperphosphataemia
- diarrhoea
- calcification of organs and soft tissue - can interfere with the body's ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc
49
chief functions of phosphorus
- mineralisation of bone
- part of every cell (as phospholipids of cell membrane)
- important in genetic material (component of DNA, RNA and ATP)
- used in energy transfer
- used in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance
50
main functions of potassium in the body
- maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
- facilitates many reactions
- supports cell integrity
- assists in nerve cell impulse transmission
- assists in muscle contraction
51
symptoms of potassium deficiency
- irregular heartbeat
- muscular weakness
- glucose intolerance
52
symptoms of potassium excess
- muscular weakness
- vomiting
- can stop the heart (if given in a vein)
53
source of sulphur
make it from methionine and cysteine (amino acids)
54
chief functions of sodium in the body
- maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
- assists in nerve impulse transmission
- assists in muscle contraction
55
symptoms of Na deficiency
muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite
56
symptoms of sodium excess
- oedema
| - acute hypertension
57
chief functions of chloride in the body
- maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
- part of HCl in stomach
- necessary for proper digestion
58
symptoms of chloride excess
vomiting
59
main functions of magnesium
- bone mineralisation
- building of protein
- enzyme action
- normal muscle contraction
- nerve impulse transmission
- maintenance of teeth
- functioning of immune system
60
symptoms of magnesium deficiency
- weakness
| - confusion
61
what is haemachromatosis
excess of iron - causes bronze skin, hepatic cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus
62
how does vitamin C increase the absorption of iron in the gut
it acts as a reducing agent (turning the Fe3+ to Fe2+ so it can be absorbed - needs to be 2+ for absorption)
63
functions of zinc in the body
- part of many enzymes
- associated with insulin
- involved in making genetic material and proteins
- immune reactions
- transport of vitamin A
- taste perception
- wound healing
- making of sperm
- normal development of the foetus
64
symptoms of zinc deficiency
- growth retardation
- delayed sexual maturation
- impaired immune function
- hair loss
- eye and skin lesions
- loss of appetite
65
main functions of copper
- necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of Hb
- part of several enzymes such as the final electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation
66
symptoms of copper deficiency
- anaemia
- bone abnormalities
- thin, sparse, copper wire like hear
67
what are menke's and Wilson's disease
```
menke's = X linked disorder causing a severe copper deficiency
wilson's = genetic disease that leads to high serum copper and copper toxicity
```
68
function of manganese
- cofactor for several enzymes
- bone formation
- part of the glycogenin molecule (necessary for glucose storage)
(splits oxygen from water to initiate photosynthesis in plants)
69
chief functions of selenium
- defends against oxidation
| - regulates thyroid hormone
70
selenium deficiency leads to
predisposition to heart disease characterised by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
71
selenium toxicity symptoms
- loss and brittleness of hair and nails
- skin rash
- fatigue
- irritability
- garlic breath odour
72
main functions of chromium
- enhances insulin action
| - may improve glucose tolerance
73
function of molybdenum
cofactor for several enyzmes
74
main function of cobalt
part of vitamin B12
75
function of fluoride
- maintains health of bones and teeth
| - helps to make teeth resistant to decay
