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Pharm Chem 127 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A

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2
Q

Uses of Vitamin A

A
  1. Component of the visual pigment in rods and cones
  2. Essential in bone formation
  3. Prevent keratinizations of taste buds
  4. Promote spermatogenesis
  5. Prevent fetal resorption
  6. Promote proper differentiation of epithelial cells
  7. Mucus secretion
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3
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin A

A

Nightblindness, Xerophthalmia, Acne, Psoriasis, Darier’s Disease

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4
Q

Excess Vitamin A

A

Hypervitaminosis A

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5
Q

What is Nightblindness?

A

Difficulty in seeing under dim lighting

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6
Q

What is Xerophthalmia?

A

Blindness due to the formation of opaque scar tissue

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7
Q

Sign of Darier’s Disease

A

Dry, pruritic skin

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypervitaminosis A

A

Liver cirrhosis, mimicked symptoms of brain tumor

May cause congenital malformations in the developing fetus

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9
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

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10
Q

Uses of Vitamin B1

A
  1. Decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids
  2. Decarboxylation of pyruvate
  3. Metabolism of most cells
  4. Important for nervous tissue
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11
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B1

A

Beri-beri

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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12
Q

SIgns and symptoms of Beri-beri in infants

A

Tachycardia
Vomiting
Convulsions
Death

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms of Beri-beri in adults

A

Dry skin
Irritability
Disorderly thinking
Progressive paralysis

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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Apathy
Loss of memory
Rhythmical to-and-from motion of the eyeballs

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15
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

Vitamin G

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16
Q

Uses of Vitamin B2

A
  1. Energy metabolism
  2. Prosthetic group of a number of enzyme systems involved in oxidation of carbs and amino acids
  3. FMN or FAD
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17
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B2

A

not associated with any major human disease

frequently accompanies other vitamin deficiencies (dermatitis, cheiliosis, glossitis, eye irritation)

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18
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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19
Q

Uses of Vitamin B3

A
  1. NAD/NADP
  2. Coenzyme in redox reactions
  3. Inhibits cholesterol production
  4. Assists in triglyceride breakdown
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20
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B3

A

Pellagra

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21
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pellagra

A

Dermatits
Diarrhea
Dementia

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22
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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23
Q

Uses of Vitamin B6

A
  1. Important for normal brain and nerve function
  2. Help in protein degradation
  3. Help in making blood cells
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24
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin

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25
Q

Uses of Vitamin B12

A
  1. Maintains healthy nerve cells and blood celss
  2. Needed to make genetic material
  3. Prevents pernicious anemia
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26
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

A

Pernicious Anemia

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27
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pernicious Anemia

A 
Rapid heart rate, Shortness of breath, Fatigue
Positive Babinski's reflex
Loss of deep tendon reflexes
Personality changes
Megaloblastic madness
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28
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic Acid

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29
Q

Uses of Vitamin C

A
  1. Formation of Collagen and intercellular materials
  2. Promote wound healing
  3. Synthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine
  4. Aids in absorption of iron
  5. Strengthens immune system
  6. Treat scurvy
  7. Antioxidant
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30
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

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31
Q

Excess Vitamin C

A

Rebound Scurvy

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32
Q

Signs and symptoms of scurvy

A 
Bleeding and spongy gums
Easy bruising
Hair and tooth loss
Joint pain and swelling
Fatigue
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33
Q

Signs and symptoms of rebound scurvy

A

increased oxidative stress
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Excess iron absoption

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34
Q

Vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

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35
Q

Uses of Vitamin D

A
  1. Stimulate bone recalcification and resorption
  2. Stimulate GI-absorption and renal-reabsorption of calcium
  3. Maintain calcium homeostasis
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36
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D

A

Bone loss
Pathological bone fracture
Rickets
Osteomalacia

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37
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vit. D deficiency

A

Loss of muscle tone

Weakness

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38
Q

Vitamin D2

A

Ergocalciferol

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39
Q

Where is Vitamin D2 found?

A

Plants

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40
Q

Uses of Vitamin D2

A
  1. Stimulate GI-absorption of calcium and phosphorus

2. Maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium

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41
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D2

A

Rickets

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42
Q

Signs and symptoms of Vit. D2 deficiency

A

soft, pliable bones due to continued collagen formation but incomplete mineralization

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43
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

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44
Q

Where is Vitamin D3 found?

A

Animal tissues

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45
Q

Uses of Vitamin D3

A
  1. Stimulates mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone
  2. Builds and maintains teeth
  3. Helps in stimulation of gene expression or gene transcription
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46
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D3

A

Osteomalacia in adults
Renal Rickets (renal osteodystrophy)
Hypoparathyroidism

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47
Q

Signs and symptoms of Osteomalacia

A

Demineralization of pre-existing bone

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48
Q

Signs and symptoms of Renal Rickets

A

hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

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49
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

A 
Loss of apetite
Nausea
Thirst
Stupor
Hearing loss
Deposition of calcium in organs (arteries and kidneys)
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50
Q

Vitamin E

A

Tocopherol

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51
Q

Uses of Vitamin E

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Prolongs life of RBCs
  3. Help make the best use of Vit. A
  4. Protects body membranes
  5. In females, proper reproductive function
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52
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin E

A

Peripheral neuropathy
Ataxia
Myopathy/Retinitis pigmentosa

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53
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

injury to the sensory nerves

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54
Q

Ataxia

A

impaired balance and coordination

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55
Q

Myopathy

A

A.K.A. Retinitis pigmentosa

muscle weakness
damage to the retina of the eye

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56
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin E overdose

A 
Fatigue
Weakness
Nausea
Headache
Blurred Vision
Flatulence
Diarrhea
57
Q

Biotin

A

Vitamin H

58
Q

Uses of Vitamin H

A
  1. Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions (carrier of CO2)
  2. Helps the body use nutrients
  3. Good for nervous system
  4. Helps in formation of RBCs
59
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin H

A

Dermatitis, Glossitis, Loss of apetite, Nausea

60
Q

Uses of Vitamin K

A
  1. Blood clotting

2. Carboxylation of side chains of glutamyl as residues in prothrombin

61
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin K

A 
Hypoprothrombinemia
Hemorrhagic disease (in infants)
62
Q

Excess of Vitamin K

A

Hemolytic anemia

Jaundice

63
Q

Hypoprothrombinemia

A

Bleeding tendency

64
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow skin

65
Q

Folic Acid

A

Folate

66
Q

Uses of Folic Acid

A
  1. Helps the body make and sustain new celss
  2. Prevent Folate deficiency anemia
  3. Prevent neural tube birth defects
67
Q

Deficiency of Folic Acid

A

Folate Deficiency Anemia

68
Q

Folate Deficiency Anemia

A

Reduced number of Erythrocytes

69
Q

Excess Folic Acid

A

Hide signs of B12 deficiency (causing nerve damage)

70
Q

Chloride

A

Cl

71
Q

Uses of Chloride

A

Electrolyte balance

72
Q

Deficiency of Chloride

A

Alkalosis

73
Q

Calcium

A

Ca

74
Q

Uses of Calcium

A
  1. Muscle excitability
  2. Blood coagulation
  3. Mediation of hormonal responses
  4. Involved in some enzymatic activities
  5. Bone formation
  6. Blood clotting
  7. Normal Muscle function
  8. Normal heart rhythm
75
Q

Deficiency of Calcium

A

Hypocalcemia

Osteoporosis

76
Q

Hypocalcemia

A 
Neurologic and psychological symptoms
Tingling
Muscle aches
Spasms of the muscles in the throat
Difficulty in breathing
Stiffening of muscles
Abnormal heart rhythms
77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass

Frequent bone fractures

78
Q

Excess calcium

A

Hypercalcemia

79
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Triggers secretion of calcitonin, leading to decreased bone resorption

80
Q

Chromium

A

Cr

81
Q

Uses of Chromium

A
  1. Glucose metabolism

2. Normal activity of insulin in lipid metabolism

82
Q

Deficiency of Chromium

A

Diabetes

83
Q

Diabetes

A

Glucose intolerance
Inability to utilize glucose for energy
Loss of weight
Confusion

84
Q

Cobalt

A

Co

85
Q

Use of Cobalt

A

Constituent of Vit B12

required for erythropoeisis

86
Q

Copper

A

Cu

87
Q

Uses of Copper

A
  1. RBC formation

2. Healthy blood vessels, nerves, immune system, bones

88
Q

Menkes disease

A

AKA Kinky hair syndrome

disorder of copper metabolism present before birth in male infants

89
Q

Deficiency of Copper

A

Anemia and osteoporosis

90
Q

Excess of Copper

A

Wilson’s Disease

91
Q

Wilson’s Disease

A

Inherited
Copper deposits in the liver, brain, and othe organs leading to hepatitis, kidney problems, brain disorders, and other problems

92
Q

Fluoride

A

F

93
Q

Use of Fluoride

A

Compound of bones

94
Q

Deficiency of Fluoride

A

Tooth decay and osteoporosis

95
Q

Excess of Fluoride

A

Chalky white patches on teeth
Abnormal bone growth
Spurs on the spine
Crippling due to calcification in ligaments

96
Q

Germanium

A

Ge

97
Q

Uses of Germanium

A
  1. Boost immune system
  2. Normalize BP and cholesterol
  3. Protect against aberrations and abuse
  4. Pain relief
  5. Alleviate rheumatoid arthritis
  6. Normalize physiological functions
98
Q

Iron

A

Fe

99
Q

Uses of Iron

A
  1. Hemerproteins (hemoglobins and cytochromes)
  2. Component in proteins involved in oxygen transport
  3. Forms RBCs
  4. Regulates Cell growth
100
Q

Deficiency of Iron

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

101
Q

Excess Iron

A

Cellular toxicity

Corrosive toxicity

102
Q

Iodine

A

I

103
Q

Uses of iodine

A

Thyroid gland functions

Biosynthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyionine

104
Q

Deficiency of Iodine

A

Goiter

Hypothyroidism

105
Q

Excess Iodine

A

Hyperthyroidism

106
Q

Manganese

A

Mn

107
Q

Uses of manganese

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Enzyme activation
  3. Wound healing
  4. Bone formation
  5. Collagen Formation
  6. Helps the body use Vit. B1 and Vit. C
108
Q

Deficiency of Manganese

A 
Disruption of normal growth patterns
Reproductive problems
Abnormal growth and devt of skeletal system
Impaired production of connectiv tissue
Disturbed lipid metabolism
109
Q

Molybdenum

A

Mo

110
Q

Uses of molybdenum

A
  1. Fat, Carbs, Nitrogen metabolism
  2. Cell function
  3. Control blood sugar
  4. Tooth problems
  5. Break apart sulfites in the body
  6. Alertness
111
Q

Deficiency of molybdenum

A

Irregular heartbeat
low urine levels
low oxidation rate of fatty acids
impotence in men

112
Q

Phosphorus

A

P

113
Q

Uses of phosphorus

A
  1. Bone growth and maintenance
  2. Collagen production
  3. Phospholipids
  4. ATP
  5. Production of Lecithin
  6. Utilization of Vit. ADEK
114
Q

Potassium

A

K

115
Q

Uses of potassium

A
  1. Maintain fluid volume outside and inside the cell (for normal cell function)
  2. Homeostasis in response to sodium intake
  3. Decrease markers of bone turnover
  4. Metabolism of carbohydrates
  5. Recurrence of Kidney stones
116
Q

Deficiency of potassium

A 
hypopotassemia
Cushing's syndrome
Liddle's syndrome
Barter's syndrome
Fanconi's syndrome
117
Q

Excess of potassium

A

hyperotassemia

Addison’s Disease

118
Q

Hypopotassemia

A

Excitation of cardiovascular activities

119
Q

Hypopotassemia

A

Weakness and depression of the heart

120
Q

Selenium

A

Se (Factor 3)

121
Q

Uses of Selenium

A
  1. Prevents liver necrosis
  2. Prevents kwashiorkor
  3. Treatment of dermatoses
122
Q

Sodium

A

Na

123
Q

Uses of sodium

A
  1. Fluid balance
  2. Nerve impulse transmission
  3. Contraction and relaxation of muscles
  4. Primary electrolyte for extracellular fluid level maintenance
  5. Amino acid and carbohydrate transport into the cell
124
Q

Deficiency of sodium

A

Hyponatremia

125
Q

Excess sodium

A

Hypernatremia

126
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Loss of apetite
Weakness
Convulsions
Comatose

127
Q

Hypernatremia

A 
Restlessness
Irritability
Muscular twitching
hyperreflexia
spasticity
seizures
128
Q

Sulfur

A

S

129
Q

Uses of sulfur

A
  1. Neurological processes
  2. Collagen synthesis
  3. Detox
  4. Blood circulation
  5. Reduces muscle cramps and back pain
  6. Removes inflammation
  7. Muscle healing
  8. Helps the liver produce choline
  9. Component of myelin sheath
  10. Reproductive processes
  11. Healthy skin, hair, nails
  12. Bile flow
  13. Brain and heart regulation
  14. Lubricant between joints
  15. Antioxidant
  16. Relieves allergies
  17. controls acidity in stomach ulcers
  18. stops UTI and constipation
130
Q

Vanadium

A

V

131
Q

Uses of Vanadium

A
  1. Fat, cholesterol, triglyceride metabolism
  2. Shape of erythrocytes
  3. Stimulates glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis
  4. Glucose tolerance factor
  5. Stimulates phosphorylation of insulin receptor, enhancing insulin effect
  6. Redox balance in cells
132
Q

Excess of Vanadium

A 
Rhinitis
Wheezing
Nasal hemorrhage
conjunctivitis
cough
sore throat
chest pain
dermatitis
bronchiospasm
pulmonary congestion
133
Q

Deficiency

A 
Bronchitis
Pharyngitis
Pneumosclerosis
Asthma
Dyspnea
Nausea
Vomiting
Salivation
Lacrimation
Loss of pulse
Albumin and cylindrical casts in urine
intestinal cramping
diarrhea
134
Q

Zinc

A

Zn

135
Q

Uses of Zinc

A
  1. Stimulates enzyme activity
  2. Maintenance of sense of taste and smell
  3. DNA synthesis
  4. Normal growth
  5. Ovulation and fertilization
  6. Normal synthesis of protein
  7. Immune function and wound healing
  8. Increases fertility
  9. development and activation of T-lymphocytes
  10. Sexual maturation
  11. Enhances thymus
136
Q

Excess Zinc

A

Metal Fume Fever

137
Q

Metal Fume Fever

A 
Metallic taste in mouth
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Rapid breathing
Excessive sweating
Weakness
Cough
Dypsnea
Sore throat
Chest tightness
Headache
Fever
Rigors
Myalgia
Arthralgia
Blurred vision
138
Q

Deficiency of Zinc

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

139
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

A 
Weight loss
Delayed wound healing
Mental lethargy
Mental and growth retardation
Diarrhea
Delayed sexual maturation
eye and skin lesions
anorexia
sore throat
patchy hair loss
alopecia
impaired taste and smell
dermatitis
night blindness
immune disorders

Pharm Chem 127 (1 decks)

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