Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm Chem 127 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

(139 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Uses of Vitamin A

A
  1. Component of the visual pigment in rods and cones
  2. Essential in bone formation
  3. Prevent keratinizations of taste buds
  4. Promote spermatogenesis
  5. Prevent fetal resorption
  6. Promote proper differentiation of epithelial cells
  7. Mucus secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin A

A

Nightblindness, Xerophthalmia, Acne, Psoriasis, Darier’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Excess Vitamin A

A

Hypervitaminosis A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Nightblindness?

A

Difficulty in seeing under dim lighting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Xerophthalmia?

A

Blindness due to the formation of opaque scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sign of Darier’s Disease

A

Dry, pruritic skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypervitaminosis A

A

Liver cirrhosis, mimicked symptoms of brain tumor

May cause congenital malformations in the developing fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uses of Vitamin B1

A
  1. Decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids
  2. Decarboxylation of pyruvate
  3. Metabolism of most cells
  4. Important for nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B1

A

Beri-beri

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SIgns and symptoms of Beri-beri in infants

A

Tachycardia
Vomiting
Convulsions
Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs and symptoms of Beri-beri in adults

A

Dry skin
Irritability
Disorderly thinking
Progressive paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Signs and symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Apathy
Loss of memory
Rhythmical to-and-from motion of the eyeballs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

Vitamin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Uses of Vitamin B2

A
  1. Energy metabolism
  2. Prosthetic group of a number of enzyme systems involved in oxidation of carbs and amino acids
  3. FMN or FAD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B2

A

not associated with any major human disease

frequently accompanies other vitamin deficiencies (dermatitis, cheiliosis, glossitis, eye irritation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Uses of Vitamin B3

A
  1. NAD/NADP
  2. Coenzyme in redox reactions
  3. Inhibits cholesterol production
  4. Assists in triglyceride breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B3

A

Pellagra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signs and symptoms of Pellagra

A

Dermatits
Diarrhea
Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Uses of Vitamin B6

A
  1. Important for normal brain and nerve function
  2. Help in protein degradation
  3. Help in making blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Uses of Vitamin B12
1. Maintains healthy nerve cells and blood celss 2. Needed to make genetic material 3. Prevents pernicious anemia
26
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Pernicious Anemia
27
Signs and symptoms of Pernicious Anemia
``` Rapid heart rate, Shortness of breath, Fatigue Positive Babinski's reflex Loss of deep tendon reflexes Personality changes Megaloblastic madness ```
28
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid
29
Uses of Vitamin C
1. Formation of Collagen and intercellular materials 2. Promote wound healing 3. Synthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine 4. Aids in absorption of iron 5. Strengthens immune system 6. Treat scurvy 7. Antioxidant
30
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy
31
Excess Vitamin C
Rebound Scurvy
32
Signs and symptoms of scurvy
``` Bleeding and spongy gums Easy bruising Hair and tooth loss Joint pain and swelling Fatigue ```
33
Signs and symptoms of rebound scurvy
increased oxidative stress Vitamin B12 deficiency Excess iron absoption
34
Vitamin D
Calcitriol
35
Uses of Vitamin D
1. Stimulate bone recalcification and resorption 2. Stimulate GI-absorption and renal-reabsorption of calcium 3. Maintain calcium homeostasis
36
Deficiency of Vitamin D
Bone loss Pathological bone fracture Rickets Osteomalacia
37
Signs and symptoms of Vit. D deficiency
Loss of muscle tone | Weakness
38
Vitamin D2
Ergocalciferol
39
Where is Vitamin D2 found?
Plants
40
Uses of Vitamin D2
1. Stimulate GI-absorption of calcium and phosphorus | 2. Maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium
41
Deficiency of Vitamin D2
Rickets
42
Signs and symptoms of Vit. D2 deficiency
soft, pliable bones due to continued collagen formation but incomplete mineralization
43
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
44
Where is Vitamin D3 found?
Animal tissues
45
Uses of Vitamin D3
1. Stimulates mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone 2. Builds and maintains teeth 3. Helps in stimulation of gene expression or gene transcription
46
Deficiency of Vitamin D3
Osteomalacia in adults Renal Rickets (renal osteodystrophy) Hypoparathyroidism
47
Signs and symptoms of Osteomalacia
Demineralization of pre-existing bone
48
Signs and symptoms of Renal Rickets
hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
49
Signs and symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism
``` Loss of apetite Nausea Thirst Stupor Hearing loss Deposition of calcium in organs (arteries and kidneys) ```
50
Vitamin E
Tocopherol
51
Uses of Vitamin E
1. Antioxidant 2. Prolongs life of RBCs 3. Help make the best use of Vit. A 4. Protects body membranes 5. In females, proper reproductive function
52
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Peripheral neuropathy Ataxia Myopathy/Retinitis pigmentosa
53
Peripheral neuropathy
injury to the sensory nerves
54
Ataxia
impaired balance and coordination
55
Myopathy
A.K.A. Retinitis pigmentosa muscle weakness damage to the retina of the eye
56
Symptoms of Vitamin E overdose
``` Fatigue Weakness Nausea Headache Blurred Vision Flatulence Diarrhea ```
57
Biotin
Vitamin H
58
Uses of Vitamin H
1. Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions (carrier of CO2) 2. Helps the body use nutrients 3. Good for nervous system 4. Helps in formation of RBCs
59
Deficiency of Vitamin H
Dermatitis, Glossitis, Loss of apetite, Nausea
60
Uses of Vitamin K
1. Blood clotting | 2. Carboxylation of side chains of glutamyl as residues in prothrombin
61
Deficiency of Vitamin K
``` Hypoprothrombinemia Hemorrhagic disease (in infants) ```
62
Excess of Vitamin K
Hemolytic anemia | Jaundice
63
Hypoprothrombinemia
Bleeding tendency
64
Jaundice
Yellow skin
65
Folic Acid
Folate
66
Uses of Folic Acid
1. Helps the body make and sustain new celss 2. Prevent Folate deficiency anemia 3. Prevent neural tube birth defects
67
Deficiency of Folic Acid
Folate Deficiency Anemia
68
Folate Deficiency Anemia
Reduced number of Erythrocytes
69
Excess Folic Acid
Hide signs of B12 deficiency (causing nerve damage)
70
Chloride
Cl
71
Uses of Chloride
Electrolyte balance
72
Deficiency of Chloride
Alkalosis
73
Calcium
Ca
74
Uses of Calcium
1. Muscle excitability 2. Blood coagulation 3. Mediation of hormonal responses 4. Involved in some enzymatic activities 5. Bone formation 6. Blood clotting 7. Normal Muscle function 8. Normal heart rhythm
75
Deficiency of Calcium
Hypocalcemia | Osteoporosis
76
Hypocalcemia
``` Neurologic and psychological symptoms Tingling Muscle aches Spasms of the muscles in the throat Difficulty in breathing Stiffening of muscles Abnormal heart rhythms ```
77
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone mass | Frequent bone fractures
78
Excess calcium
Hypercalcemia
79
Hypercalcemia
Triggers secretion of calcitonin, leading to decreased bone resorption
80
Chromium
Cr
81
Uses of Chromium
1. Glucose metabolism | 2. Normal activity of insulin in lipid metabolism
82
Deficiency of Chromium
Diabetes
83
Diabetes
Glucose intolerance Inability to utilize glucose for energy Loss of weight Confusion
84
Cobalt
Co
85
Use of Cobalt
Constituent of Vit B12 | required for erythropoeisis
86
Copper
Cu
87
Uses of Copper
1. RBC formation | 2. Healthy blood vessels, nerves, immune system, bones
88
Menkes disease
AKA Kinky hair syndrome disorder of copper metabolism present before birth in male infants
89
Deficiency of Copper
Anemia and osteoporosis
90
Excess of Copper
Wilson's Disease
91
Wilson's Disease
Inherited Copper deposits in the liver, brain, and othe organs leading to hepatitis, kidney problems, brain disorders, and other problems
92
Fluoride
F
93
Use of Fluoride
Compound of bones
94
Deficiency of Fluoride
Tooth decay and osteoporosis
95
Excess of Fluoride
Chalky white patches on teeth Abnormal bone growth Spurs on the spine Crippling due to calcification in ligaments
96
Germanium
Ge
97
Uses of Germanium
1. Boost immune system 2. Normalize BP and cholesterol 3. Protect against aberrations and abuse 4. Pain relief 5. Alleviate rheumatoid arthritis 6. Normalize physiological functions
98
Iron
Fe
99
Uses of Iron
1. Hemerproteins (hemoglobins and cytochromes) 2. Component in proteins involved in oxygen transport 3. Forms RBCs 4. Regulates Cell growth
100
Deficiency of Iron
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
101
Excess Iron
Cellular toxicity | Corrosive toxicity
102
Iodine
I
103
Uses of iodine
Thyroid gland functions | Biosynthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyionine
104
Deficiency of Iodine
Goiter | Hypothyroidism
105
Excess Iodine
Hyperthyroidism
106
Manganese
Mn
107
Uses of manganese
1. Antioxidant 2. Enzyme activation 3. Wound healing 4. Bone formation 5. Collagen Formation 6. Helps the body use Vit. B1 and Vit. C
108
Deficiency of Manganese
``` Disruption of normal growth patterns Reproductive problems Abnormal growth and devt of skeletal system Impaired production of connectiv tissue Disturbed lipid metabolism ```
109
Molybdenum
Mo
110
Uses of molybdenum
1. Fat, Carbs, Nitrogen metabolism 2. Cell function 3. Control blood sugar 4. Tooth problems 5. Break apart sulfites in the body 6. Alertness
111
Deficiency of molybdenum
Irregular heartbeat low urine levels low oxidation rate of fatty acids impotence in men
112
Phosphorus
P
113
Uses of phosphorus
1. Bone growth and maintenance 2. Collagen production 3. Phospholipids 4. ATP 5. Production of Lecithin 6. Utilization of Vit. ADEK
114
Potassium
K
115
Uses of potassium
1. Maintain fluid volume outside and inside the cell (for normal cell function) 2. Homeostasis in response to sodium intake 3. Decrease markers of bone turnover 4. Metabolism of carbohydrates 5. Recurrence of Kidney stones
116
Deficiency of potassium
``` hypopotassemia Cushing's syndrome Liddle's syndrome Barter's syndrome Fanconi's syndrome ```
117
Excess of potassium
hyperotassemia | Addison's Disease
118
Hypopotassemia
Excitation of cardiovascular activities
119
Hypopotassemia
Weakness and depression of the heart
120
Selenium
Se (Factor 3)
121
Uses of Selenium
1. Prevents liver necrosis 2. Prevents kwashiorkor 3. Treatment of dermatoses
122
Sodium
Na
123
Uses of sodium
1. Fluid balance 2. Nerve impulse transmission 3. Contraction and relaxation of muscles 4. Primary electrolyte for extracellular fluid level maintenance 5. Amino acid and carbohydrate transport into the cell
124
Deficiency of sodium
Hyponatremia
125
Excess sodium
Hypernatremia
126
Hyponatremia
Loss of apetite Weakness Convulsions Comatose
127
Hypernatremia
``` Restlessness Irritability Muscular twitching hyperreflexia spasticity seizures ```
128
Sulfur
S
129
Uses of sulfur
1. Neurological processes 2. Collagen synthesis 3. Detox 4. Blood circulation 5. Reduces muscle cramps and back pain 6. Removes inflammation 7. Muscle healing 8. Helps the liver produce choline 9. Component of myelin sheath 10. Reproductive processes 11. Healthy skin, hair, nails 12. Bile flow 13. Brain and heart regulation 14. Lubricant between joints 15. Antioxidant 16. Relieves allergies 17. controls acidity in stomach ulcers 18. stops UTI and constipation
130
Vanadium
V
131
Uses of Vanadium
1. Fat, cholesterol, triglyceride metabolism 2. Shape of erythrocytes 3. Stimulates glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis 4. Glucose tolerance factor 5. Stimulates phosphorylation of insulin receptor, enhancing insulin effect 6. Redox balance in cells
132
Excess of Vanadium
``` Rhinitis Wheezing Nasal hemorrhage conjunctivitis cough sore throat chest pain dermatitis bronchiospasm pulmonary congestion ```
133
Deficiency
``` Bronchitis Pharyngitis Pneumosclerosis Asthma Dyspnea Nausea Vomiting Salivation Lacrimation Loss of pulse Albumin and cylindrical casts in urine intestinal cramping diarrhea ```
134
Zinc
Zn
135
Uses of Zinc
1. Stimulates enzyme activity 2. Maintenance of sense of taste and smell 3. DNA synthesis 4. Normal growth 5. Ovulation and fertilization 6. Normal synthesis of protein 7. Immune function and wound healing 8. Increases fertility 9. development and activation of T-lymphocytes 10. Sexual maturation 11. Enhances thymus
136
Excess Zinc
Metal Fume Fever
137
Metal Fume Fever
``` Metallic taste in mouth Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Rapid breathing Excessive sweating Weakness Cough Dypsnea Sore throat Chest tightness Headache Fever Rigors Myalgia Arthralgia Blurred vision ```
138
Deficiency of Zinc
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
139
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
``` Weight loss Delayed wound healing Mental lethargy Mental and growth retardation Diarrhea Delayed sexual maturation eye and skin lesions anorexia sore throat patchy hair loss alopecia impaired taste and smell dermatitis night blindness immune disorders ```

Pharm Chem 127 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions