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Peds GI/Nutrition > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

0
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

Night blindness, Dry eyes
*most common worldwide cause pediatric blindness
Bitot’s spots (keratin debris build-up on conjunctiva)
Hyperkeratosis, pruritus
Decreased antibody production
Poor bone growth

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1
Q

Vitamin A Function

A

(retinol)

Vision, Skin, Bone

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2
Q

Vitamin A Toxicity

A

Acute > pseudotumor cerebri

Chronic > alopecia, scaly skin, hepatic fibrosis, hyperostosis

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3
Q

Vitamin D Function

A

(calciferol)
Bone resorption
*metabolism interrupted by AED’s

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4
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Osteomalacia

Rickets

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5
Q

Vitamin D Toxicity

A
  • Hypercalciuria, hyperphosphatemia (taken from bone)
  • Azotemia, nephrocalcinosis
  • polyuria, ploydipsia

Treatment: replace Na/K, IVF, lasix

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6
Q

Vitamin E Function

A

(alpha-tocopherol)
Membrane stability
Antioxidant

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7
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia (preemies)
Thrombocytosis
Peripheral neuropathy&raquo_space; ataxia, weakness
Obstructive jaundice

3 E’s “elevated platelets, erythrocyte destruction, edema”

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8
Q

Vitamin K Function

A

(phylloquinone)

Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X

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9
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

bleeding
Occurs in newborns, malabsorption, chronic abx use
*NBN’s b/c doesn’t cross placenta well, can’t make it well yet
*higher risk if BF (lower levels in breast milk)

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10
Q

Vitamin K Toxicity

A

hyperbilirubinemia

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11
Q

Vitamin B1

A 
Thiamine (carbo metabolism)
Deficiency >> weakness, confusion, tachycardia, cardiomegaly
     wet beriberi (heart failure)
     dry beriberi (polyneuritis)
^Thigh-man gets weak and confused
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12
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin (cofactor)
Deficiency&raquo_space; photophobia, glossitis, cheilosis, seborrheic dermatitis, anemia
*can be caused by phototherapy in newborns
^It is SAD (stomatitis, anemia, dermatitis) when you run out of rib-flavor

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13
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin (cofactor)
Deficiency&raquo_space; pellagra: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
Excess: flushing, pruritus, vasodilation
^3 d’s of 3D(eficiency)- dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis (and glossitis)

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14
Q

Vitamin B5

A 
Pantothenic acid (cofactor)
Deficiency >> depression, hypotension, weakness
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15
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine (cofactor)
Deficiency&raquo_space; microcytic anemia, glossitis, cheilosis, peripheral neuritis
irritability/seizures in infants
Excess: neuropathy

*take w/isoniazid to avoid deficiency

16
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamin (cofactor, RBC maturation, CNS metabolism)
Deficiency&raquo_space; pernicious anemia neuropathy, demyelination
*absorption requires intrinsic factor and terminal ileum
*mostly from meat- deficiency if vegan, anemia masked by extra folic acid

17
Q

Biotin

A

(cofactor)

Deficiency: seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia, muscle pain, anorexia

18
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folate
(neucleoprotein synthesis)
Deficiency&raquo_space; megaloblastic anemia, impaired cellular immunity, neural tube defects
Excess: irritability, masks B12 deficiency

19
Q

Vitamin C Function

A

Ascorbic acid (collagen synthesis, folic acid metabolism, iron absorption/transport)

20
Q

Vitamin deficiencies that cause microcytic anemia

A

Vitamin C, Iron, Copper, Vitamin B6

21
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency

A

Deficiency&raquo_space; scurvy (hemorrhage, hysteria, depression, poor wound healing)
* can trigger hemolytic crisis if G6PD deficiency

22
Q

Vitamin C Toxicity

A

oxalate/cysteine kidney stones

*can trigger hemolytic crisis if G6PD deficiency

23
Q

Zinc Deficiency

A

*acrodermatits enteropathica
autosomal-recessive (intestinal zinc transporter deficiency)
OR
premie/malnourished infants
*often presents after stopping breast-feeding (protein in milk helps zinc absorption)
*rash (perioral), dry skin, thin hair, poor wound healing, diarrhea
moist, erythematous, eczematous/vesiculopapular plaques around orifices ( mouth/nose/ears/perineum), acral area (hands/feet)
foul-smelling frothy diarrhea
alopecia
irritability, FTT
*low zinc and alk phos (zinc-dependent enzyme)

24
Q

Vitamin Names

A 
A- Retinol
B1- Thiamine
B2- Riboflavin
B3- Niacin
B5- Pantothenic Acid
B6- Pyridoxine
B9- Folate
B12- Cyanacobalamin
*biotin is a B vitamin w/o a number
C- Ascorbic Acid
25
Q

Vitamin D Names

A

25-OH > Calcidiol
processed in liver (1 liver, 1 OH)
1,25-OH > Calcitriol
processed in kidney (2 kidneys, 2 OH’s)

D2 > ergocalciferol (2 c’s)
D3 > cholecalciferol (3 c’s)

26
Q

Copper Deficiency

A

Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome

27
Q

Rickets Causes

A 
Vitamin D Deficiency
- poor diet/sun exposure
- poor absorption (liver dz > lack of bile salts)
- altered metabolism (liver/kidney dz)
- genetic (1a-hydroxylase deficiency)
- vitamin D resistance 
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
- renal phosphate loss
- abnl FHF23
Hypocalcemia
- dietary deficiency
- poor absorption in preemie 
Hypophosphatemia
- poor absorption in preemie
28
Q

Rickets Labs

A

High PTH, Alk Phos
Ca, Phos can be normal
Low Vit D

29
Q

Rickets Presentation

A
  • craniotabes (soft skull bones), delayed fontanelle/suture closure, skull thickening, frontal bossing
  • bad tooth enamel
  • widened physes in ankle/wrist
  • metaphyseal flaring (bowing) of legs
  • rachitic rosary (enlarged costochondral joints), pectus carinatum (“pigeon chest”)
30
Q

Nutritional Differences in Preemies

A
    • Need more vitamin D
    • Need extra vitamin E to prevent hemolytic anemia if formula high in polyunsaturated FA
    • Less bile acids so trouble absorbing long-chain TG’s, fat-soluble vitamins
      • lose 20% ingested fat through stool
      • formulas use > medium-chain TG
      • long-chain in breast milk better absorbed so sufficient
      • breast milk also has linoleic and linolenic acids (essential FA’s)&raquo_space; need to be in formula along w/med-chain TG (they’re long-chain TG)
    • prolonged (>1mo) TPN can&raquo_space; phosphorous deficiency in VLBW
      • elevated alk phos
      • bone demineralization
    • excess phosphorous in VLBW can&raquo_space; hypocalcemia, tetany, seizures
    • hypocalcemia can&raquo_space; bone demineralization

Peds GI/Nutrition (8 decks)

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