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Animal Nutrition > Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Vitamin D active form - animal

A

Cholecalciferol - D3

1,25 - (OH2) - D3

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2
Q

Vitamin D provitamins forms

A

Ergosterol
7-dehydrocholesterol
Stored in liver

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3
Q

Vitamin D functions

A 
Prohormone - turned into a hormone, stimulate the release of parathyroid hormone
Bone formation and mineralization
Maintenance of Ca and P homeostasis 
1) increase intestinal absorption
2) increase reabsorption from kidney
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4
Q

Classes of animals that need increased amounts of Ca

A

Lactating dairy animals

Female geriatric animals

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5
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Cod liver oil, egg yolk, some plants, fungi, molds, lichen, invertebrates
Sunlight - melanin interaction
Synthetic

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6
Q

When is Vitamin D supplementation necessary?

A

High grain diets
Animals houses indoors
Excessive cloudy weather

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7
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis

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8
Q

Rickets

A

Softening of bones in neonates

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9
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening of bones in adults

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10
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Softening of bones in geriatrics

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11
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

Increase in blood [Ca]
Calcification of soft tissue
Headache, anorexia

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12
Q

Vitamin E active forms

A

Tocopherol, tocotrienol

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13
Q

Most effective active form of vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol

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14
Q

Vitamin E functions

A

Antioxidant

Immune system

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15
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

Growing immature green grass
Wheat germ oil
Synthetic- mixed tocopherol

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16
Q

Vitamin E supplementation reasons

A

Not stored in large amounts even though it is fat soluble

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17
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Myopathy
Encephalomalacia
White muscle disease

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18
Q

Myopathy

A

Degradation of muscle tissue common in vitamin E deficiency

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19
Q

Encephalomalacia

A

Brain lesions/ scarring leading to abhorrent behavior

Common in vitamin E deficiency

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20
Q

White muscle disease

A

Degeneration of tissue, excess free radicals denature muscle protein
Sheep are exceptionally prone
Common symptom of vitamin E deficiency

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21
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

None reported

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22
Q

Vitamin K provitamin form

A

Menaquinone

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23
Q

Vitamin K active form

A

Phylloquinone

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24
Q

Vitamin k functions

A

Blood clotting - post translational modification of clotting factors

Activates prothrombin to thrombin

Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin

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25
Sources of vitamin K
Egg yolk, liver, fishmeal (not highly available to herbivores) Growing leafy greens Alfalfa Synthesized by bacteria
26
Vitamin K toxicity
None reported for vitamin K
27
Vitamin K deficiency
Spontaneous bleeding in avians | "Sweet clover disease"
28
Sweet clover disease
Excess coumarin turns into dicumarol which inhibits activation of menaquinone into phylloquinone Impairs blood clotting
29
Fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
30
Water soluble vitamins
B vitamin complex | Vitamin C
31
Vitamin C chemical form
Ascorbic acid
32
Vitamin C functions
``` Redox rxns Antioxidant Collagen synthesis Ion transport Carnitine synthesis Histamine catabolism ```
33
Carnitine
Uses energy from fat
34
Sources of vitamin C
Citrus fruits Green leafy plants Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C from glucose Fresh green chiles
35
Mammals that cannot synthesize vitamin C
Golden hamster Guinea pigs Some primates including humans
36
Vitamin C deficiency (in humans)
Scurvy - preservation methods degrade vitamins in food Defects in bone, teeth, cartilage, connective tissue, skin Increases susceptibility to infection
37
B vitamins
``` Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin Cobalamin (B12) Folic acid Choline ```
38
Sources of B vitamins
Synthesized by microbes Yeast Green leafy plants Liver and animal tissues
39
General B vitamin functions
Coenzyme in metabolism Fat and protein synthesis H carrier in metabolism - homeostasis Precursor for other molecules
40
General B vitamin deficiency
Decreased appetite and growth Neurological disorders Muscle weakness
41
Thiamin deficiency
``` Polyneuritis - beri beri atrophy - opisthotonos "star gazing" CNS dysfunction Rough coat Muscular weakness ```
42
Riboflavin deficiency
``` Dermatological signs - rough coat Curled toe paralysis (no deformity) Periodic ophthalmia - moon blindness - formation of cataracts ```
43
Niacin deficiency
Pellagra - "collar and sleeves" Perosis in chickens - bone deformation and tendon slippage Corn cooked in basic solution frees niacin
44
Pantothenic acid deficiency
Reduced growth Goose stepping Achromotrichia- loss of pigment in hair
45
Pyridoxine deficiency
Dermatitis | CNS dysfunction
46
Folic acid deficiency
Reduced growth Anemia Spins bifida- high death rate Affects young ruminants
47
Biotin deficiency
Dermatitis Alopecia - rapid hair loss Anemia, decreased growth
48
Cyanocobalamin / cobalamin deficiency
Complete anemia Peripheral neuropathy - numbness in extremities, memory loss, dementia, death Unique! - cobalt component - not present in any non-animal products - herbivores rely on microbes for B 12
49
Choline deficiency
Abnormal cell structure- cancers Fatty liver Monogastrics when shifted to extreme diets (ex: alcoholics)
50
General functions of minerals
Catalytic Electrochemical- pH balance, membrane permeability, osmotic control of water Structural - skeletal Regulatory - replication, differentiation, transcription
51
Mineral interactions and affects
Over supplementation of one mineral may induce deficiency or inhibit absorption of other minerals that may otherwise be adequate
52
Causes of Variation of minerals in feed
Plant species Plant maturity Soil mineral content Fertilizer and lime application (pH)
53
Two forms of minerals
Inorganic | Organic- mineral incorporated into an organic molecule, sometimes an AA
54
Two classifications of minerals
Macro / major minerals - % or g/kg Trace / micro minerals - mg/kg (ppm) or ng/ kg (ppb)
55
Macro minerals
Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S
56
Na, Cl, K
Electrolytes
57
Na, Cl, K functions
Osmolarity Transmission of electrical signals Acid/ base balance - extra & intracellular pH regulation of entire system
58
Cation - anion balance definition
Sum of total cations (+) and anions (-) "De-cad" - dietary cation anion difference
59
Cation anion balance equation
mEq (Na + K) - mEq (Cl + S*) Excess Na & K are alkalogenic and increase blood pH Excess Cl and S are acidogenic and will reduce blood pH
60
Theory of acid / base balance
As Cl- and SO4,2- increase in circulation, there is an increase in electronegative charge, which repels the release of bicarbonate, reducing free base circulation and thus increases circulating H+
61
Sources of Na, Cl, K
Most forages high K | Usually electrolytes are provided in salt
62
Na, Cl, K problems in horses
No electrolyte storage | Sweat decreases electrolytes
63
Total body K
Closely related to lean body mass because muscle contained 75% body K
64
Ca functions
``` Skeleton and teeth structure Muscle contraction Transmission of nerve impulses Blood clotting Eggshell production ```
65
Ca homeostasis
Controlled by parathyroid hormone | As blood [Ca] decreases, PTH increases
66
Sources of Ca
``` Legumes (watch out for oxalic acid) Beet pulp Limestone (CaCO3) = cheap! Dicalcium phosphate Grains are low in Ca ```
67
Vitamin D chemical form - plant
Ergocalciferol - D2 | - no biological function within animal

Animal Nutrition (1 decks)

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