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Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

Require bile for digestion and absorption
Travel through the lymphatic system
Many require transport proteins in the bloodstream
Excesses stored in liver and adipose tissue
Not readily excreted
-Risk of toxicity is greater

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2
Q

Role of vit A roles in the body

A 
Regulates expression of >100 genes
Retinoic acid
-Regulates cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development
Retinol
-Supports reproduction
-Major transport and storage form
-Absorbed the best
-Attacks and binds free radicals
Retinal
-Active in vision
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3
Q

Vit A and vision

A

Helps maintain clear cornea

Helps convert light energy to nerve impulses in the retina

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4
Q

Deficiency in vit A

A

Night blindness
Xeropthalmia
Keratinization, particularly on arms, also legs

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5
Q

Vit A toxicity

A

Levels >100,00 IU

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6
Q

Vit D

A

Not an essential nutrient
Body synthesizes
-Sunlight
-Precursor from cholesterol

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7
Q

Activation of vit D

A

Two hydroxylation reactions

  • Liver
  • Kidneys
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8
Q

Vit D’s roles in the body

A 
Active form of vit D is a hormone
-Binding protein carries it to target organs
Bone growth
-Calcium and phosphorous absorption
--Enhances absorption
--Provides minerals from other sources
Other roles
-Enhances or suppresses gene activity
-Protects against cognitive decline
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9
Q

Contributory factors to vit D deficiency

A

Dark skin
Breastfeeding without supplementation
Lack of sunlight
Not drinking fortified milk

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10
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Overt signs are relatively rare
-Insufficiency is quite common
Creates a calcium deficiency

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11
Q

Signs of vit D deficiency

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

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12
Q

Toxicity of vit D

A

Most likely to have toxic effects if consumed in too high amounts
Can lead to kidney stones, calcification of blood vessels

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13
Q

Vit D recommendations- food sources

A

Oily fish and egg yolks
Fortified milk
Recommendations difficult to meet without sunlight and supplementation or fortification

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14
Q

Other vit D recommendations

A

Sun exposure: no risk of toxicity
-10 mins without sunscreen
Vit D
production varies with skin color, latitude, season and time of day

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15
Q

Functions of vit E

A 
Most powerful antioxidant
Found a lot in fats
Stops chain reaction of free radicals
-Protects cells and their membranes
-Heart disease and protection of LDLs
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16
Q

Effects of vit E deficiency

A

RBCs break down

Neuromucular dysfunction

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17
Q

Toxicity of vit E

A

High levels interfere with vit K

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18
Q

Function of vit K

A

Blood clotting

Bone development

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19
Q

Why could a deficiency of vit K occur in neonates?

A

Because they have a sterile gut, they don’t have vit K, so they need an injection at birth

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20
Q

Drug therapy and vit K

A

Since anticoagulant therapy affects vit K, those that take these medications need to have be consistent with how much of it is in their diet.
Could be high, could be low, just needs to stay the same

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21
Q

Toxicity of vit K

A

None because it’s hard to get an adequate amount

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22
Q

Sources of vit K

A

Non-food

Green vegetables

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23
Q

Thiamine (B1) deficiency GI sx

A

Anorexia
Indigestion
Constipation
Gastric atony

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24
Q

Thiamine (B1) deficiency nervous system sx

A

Damage to myelin sheath of nerve fibers

Pain and lack of sensation

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25
Thiamine (B1 deficiency) cardiovascular
Weak heart muscle Cardiac failure Edema
26
Thiamine (B1 deficiency) muscular
Fibromyalgia
27
Thiamine (B1) requirements are affected by:
``` Alcoholism Other -Infections -Elderly -Chronic illness Increased with metabolic demand (pregnancy and infancy/childhood) ```
28
Riboflavin (B2)
Absorbed in small intestine with phosphorous Excess excreted in urine Functions: flavoprotein enzymes (FMN and FAD in Krebs) Inadequate phosphorous intake will result in lack of B2 absorption
29
Signs of riboflavin deficiency
``` Tissue inflammation and breakdown Cheilosis Glossitis Seborrheic dermatitis Newborns -Hyperbilirubinemia ```
30
Niacin (B3)
Tryptophan is precursor | -60 mg of tryptophan = 1 mg niacin
31
Functions of niacin (B3)
Coenzyme in tissue and cellular oxidation reactions NAD (catabolic) and NADP (anabolic) Converts protein and glycerol to glucose to yield energy Converts protein and glycerol to glucose to yield energy High doses lower cholesterol
32
Niacin deficiency
Involves skin (dermatitis) first and nervous system (confusion, apathy) and CV system
33
Pellagra
``` Associated with niacin deficiency Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death ```
34
When does one need increased requirements of niacin?
``` Growth Pregnancy Lactation Illness Trauma ```
35
Food sources of niacin
``` Meat Peanuts Beans Peas Enriched grains ```
36
Functions of pyridoxine (B6)
``` Coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate) Decarboxylation Deamination Transamination Hgb synthesis AA transport Conversion of tryptophan to niacin CHO and fat metabolism ```
37
Pyridoxine deficiency
``` Anemia CNS disturbances -Infant formula TB -Tx drug interferes with absorption Pregnancy demands -Oral contraceptive use ```
38
Pyridoxine deficiency
Lack of muscular coordination | Severe nerve damage
39
Pantothenic acid
No deficiency state (except in long-term TPN) Functions: Activates fatty acids (lipogenesis, lipolysis, ketones) Activates amino acids Activates acetyl groups (ATP or cholesterol precursor) Activates succinic acid and glycine
40
Biotin
Absorbed in ileum Deficiencies only with long-term TPN Widespread in foods
41
Functions of biotin
Works with acetyl-CoA Gluconeogenesis Synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids
42
Deficiency of biotin- signs
Generalized muscle weakness Nausea Wt loss
43
Functions of folate
Coenzyme for carbon transfer during metabolism Heme portion of hemoglobin Plays a role in protecting against heart dz and some cancers -Someone deficient in folate may have a better response to chemo
44
Effects of folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia Neural tube defects Congenital birth defects
45
Cobalmine (B12)
Absorbed in ileum bound to intrinsic factor
46
Cobalmine (B12) deficiency
``` Common among elderly Most d/t inadequate absorption Pernicious anemia Added risk from vegetarian diets- more specifically vegan bc of milk and cheese products that can contribute to B12 Anemia of folate deficiency Folate masks sx of vit B12 deficiency ```
47
Functions of ascorbic acid
``` This is a vitamin C Antioxidant Cofactor in many reactions in the body -Needed for collagen formation -Frees iron from storage form ```
48
Other roles of vit C
Prevention and tx of common cold -Slight but consistent shortening of cold duration -Deactivates histamine Dz prevention and tx roles -Being studied Stress increases vit C needs -Adrenal glands release vit C and hormones into blood
49
Deficiency of ascorbic acid
Scurvy Delayed wound healing Depleted during stress; decreases immune response
50
3 categories of minerals
Major minerals Trace elements Ultra-trace elements
51
Calcium
Predominant mineral-700 mg turnover daily Most in bone Balance achieved by constant turnover of calcium in the bone -Vit D (calcitriol) calcifies bone -Parathyroid hormone increases absorption, mobilizes bone Ca, controls phosphorous excretion -Calcitonin regulates SERUM Ca by drawing it from the bone
52
Metabolic functions for calcium
``` Tooth and bone formation Blood clotting Nerve impulse transmission Muscle relaxation and contraction Enzyme activation ```
53
Clinical problems of calcium
Osteoporosis Hypercalciuria Tetany
54
Phosphorous
Most occurs in bone and teeth in conjunction with Ca
55
Metabolic functions of phosphorous
``` Bone and teeth formation Absorption of glucose Transport of amino acids, fatty acids Energy metabolism Buffer system ```
56
Clinical problems related to phosphorous
Need during growth and recovery
57
Hypophosphatemia
Intestinal disease Bone disease Hyperparathyroidism
58
Hyperphosphatemia
Renal insufficiency Treat with binders CRRT and dialysis will not help with this
59
Magnesium
Found in all body cells
60
Metabolic functions of magnesium
CHO and protein metabolism Cell reproduction and growth Smooth muscle action
61
Clinical problems with metabolism
Malabsorption | Malnutrition/refeeding syndrome
62
Sodium
Major ECF cation | Easily absorbed; lost with diarrhea and vomiting
63
Metabolic functions of sodium
Fluid balance | Acid-base balance
64
Clinical problems with sodium
HTN | Fluid balance
65
Potassium
Major cation in ICF Absorbed in small intestine Excreted in urine
66
Metabolic functions of potassium
``` Fluid/electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Muscle activity CHO metabolism (glycogen storage) Protein synthesis ```
67
Clinical problems with potassium
Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Hypertension and drug therapy -Also caused by low K intake
68
Chloride
``` Major anion of the ECF Major component of gastric secretions Almost all absorbed in small intestine Excreted in urine Lost with vomiting in diarrhea ```
69
Metabolic functions of chloride
Fluid-electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Gastric acidity
70
Clinical problems of chloride
GI disorders Alkalosis Endocrine disorders
71
Sulfur
Amino acids are major sources: methionine and cysteine
72
Metabolic functions of sulfur
Protein structure Enzyme activity Energy metabolism
73
Clinical problems of sulfur
Cysinuria | Treated with low methionine diet
74
Trace elements
``` Iron Iodine Zinc Copper Manganese Chromium ```
75
Iron
Bound to transferrin Ferritin is storage form/measured form Poor absorption
76
Clinical problems with iron
Blood loss Iron deficiency anemia- MC nutrient deficiency Sx Diagnose appropriately before you treat, could be B12, megaloblastic, folate
77
Function of iodine
Synthesis of thyroid hormone
78
Clinical problems with iodine
Goiter | Toxicity
79
Clinical problems with zinc
Sexual function Impaired test/smell Wound healing
80
Clinical problems with copper
Wilson's dz Menkes syndrome -Results in copper malabsorption -Occurs in infants, leads to mental and growth retardation
81
Absorption of copper
Liver and ceruloplasmin
82
Chromium
May help with diabetics, but studies are unclear | Helps to maintain glucose homeostasis
83
Cobalt
Part of vitamin B12
84
Selenium
Absorption dependent on sulfur | Deficiency diseases
85
Molybdenum
Functions as a catalyst | Deficiency diseases
86
Fluoride
Trace found in bones and teeth
87
Ultra-trace elements
``` Silicon Vanadium Nickel Tin Cadmium Arsenic ```

Nutrition (3 decks)

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