Vitamins and minerals chart Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
names of vitamin A
A
retinol (vitaminA) alpha and beta carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin (caretenoids)
2
Q
source of vitamin A
A
meat, poultry, fish, liver, oil (things with mouth or face)
- carotenoids - green colored vegatables, veggie oils eggs
3
Q
function of vitamin A
A
vision, cell division, reproduction, iimmune function, bone growth
carotenoids - antioxidants
4
Q
at risk population of vitamin A
A
- Protein-energy malnutrition
- Zinc deficiency
- Very low fat diet
- Fat digestion/absorption problems (pancreatic disorder, bile production, small intestine disease)
5
Q
deficiency symptoms of vitamin A
A
- Vision - ↓ night vision
- Epithelium - ↑ keratinization of epithelium, xeropthalmia (dry eyes), Bitot’s spots, vaginal cornification, ↓ wound healing
- Immune - ↑ infection risk, morbidity/mortality, diarrhea, measles, respiratory infections
- Reproductive - ↑ fetal death, ↓ spermatogenesis
- Bone - stunting
6
Q
upper limit of vitamin A
A
Only from preformed vitamin A! Usually supplements - toxicity from diet very rare.
- Acute – abdominal pain, intracranial pressure (mental status, blurred vision, headache)
- Chronic – liver dysfunction, osteoporosis, teratogenicity
7
Q
additional notes of vitamin A
A
- Caretenoids cleaved centrally to make Vitamin A
- Vitamin A stored in liver, carotenoids in adipose tissue
- Both can be transported on lipoproteins; Vitamin A also on retinol binding protein
- Carotenoid supplements ONLY recommended for age-related macular degeneration (they may actually make some cancers worse)
- Can’t get Vitamin A toxicity from dietary carotenoids!
8
Q
names of vitamin D
A
D2 = ergocalciferol D3 = cholecalciferol
9
Q
source of vitamin D
A
Vitamin D2
• Plants, fungi, invertebrates, supplements
Vitamin D3
• Skin synthesis, animal foods, fortified foods, supplements
10
Q
function of vitamin D
A
- Calcium homeostasis and bone health
- Cancer
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Immune function
- Depression
- Cardiovascular disease
- Can work with PTH to release Ca from bone
11
Q
at risk population of vitamin D
A
- Lower skin synthesis – aging population, limited sun, darker skin
- Breastfed infants
- Lactose intolerance
- Fat malabsorption
- Obesity
- Liver or kidney problems
- Medications – corticosteroids, anticonvulsants
12
Q
deficiency problems
A
• Abnormal bones • Rickets (kids) -Growth retardation -leg bowing • Osteomalacia (adults) -bone and muscle pain -muscle weakness -frailty • Over long term, increased osteoporosis risk
13
Q
upper limit of vitamin D
A
Never from too much sun!
- Hypercalcemia
- Calciuria and kidney stones
- Arrhythmia
14
Q
additional notes on vitamin D
A
- 25(OH) circulating form; 1,25(OH) active form; 24,25(OH) inactive form
- Circulating form active form in kidneys
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) goes to kidneys to stimulate activation
- Assess status by measuring 25-OH (circulating form) NOT 1,25(OH) (active form); also calcium, PTH, DEXA scan
15
Q
names of vitamin E
A
tocopherols and tocotrienols
RRR -tocopherol NATURAL FORM
16
Q
source of vitamin E
A
- Nuts and seeds
- Vegetable oils
- Wheat germ
- Green leafy vegetables
- Olives
- Fortified foods
- Supplements
17
Q
function of vitamin E
A
• Antioxidant -prevents RBC hemolysis -prevents lipid peroxidation • Immune function • DNA repair
18
Q
at risk population of vitamin E
A
- Dietary insufficiency
- Premie, very low weight infnats
- Fat malabsorption
- α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) defects
- Abetalipoproteinemia
19
Q
symptoms of deficiency of vitamin E
A
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Myopathy
- Retinopathy
- Immune dysfunction
- RBC hemolysis
- If TTP mutation, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED)
20
Q
upper limit of vitamin E
A
From supplements!
- Bleeding
- May worsen outcomes for some cancers
- Higher mortality risk above 400 IU/day
21
Q
additional notes on vitamin E
A
- α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) in liver – converts to active form
- Vitamin E transported in lipoproteins
22
Q
names and sources of vitamin K
A
Phylloquinone
• Green veggies, some vegetable oils, soybeans, fortified food
Menaquinone
• Some fermented foods, animal foods, dairy, intestinal bacteria
23
Q
functions of vitamin K
A
• Clotting
- Glu carboxylated to Gla!
- The carboxylation gives functionality to clotting proteins
24
Q
at risk population of vitamin K
A
- Birth
- Fat malabsorption
- Liver disease
- Poor intake
- Alcoholism
25
symptoms of vitamin K deficiency
• Bleeding
• Babies - at risk of Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
• Possible disorders of soft tissue and bone calcification
• Embryopathy – moms have severe deficiency or Warfarin use
-chondrodysplasia punctate (bony deformities with excess calcification)
-nasal hypoplasia (flat bridge)
-mental retardation
26
upper limit of vitamin K
none
27
additional notes on vitamin K
* Warfarin (a blood thinner) can block at two points in carboxylation cycle - if on Warfarin, consistent Vit K intake recommended
* Blood levels only reflect recent intake – not used for clinical status
28
source of vitamin C
```
Anything fresh
and rapidly
growing
(not much in
dormant foods
– nuts, grains,
seeds)
```
29
function of vitamin C
```
Carnetine synthesis
• Neurotransmitter
• Collegen synthesis
• Iron absorption
• Antioxidant effects
```
30
at risk population of vitamin C
Smokers
• Very limited access to
fresh food (e.g. sailors
31
deficiency symptoms of vitamin C
```
Weakness and lassitude
• Skin and soft tissue – petechial
hemorrhage, perifollicular
hyperkeratosis, ecchymosis,
poor wound healing
• Bone – impaired growth and
healing, bowing, subperiosteal
hemorrhage, epiphyseal
separation
• CNS – depression, confusion,
hysteria, hypochondriasis
• Swollen gums, teeth loss
• Infection
• Coiled hair
• Joints – bleeding into joints and
arthralgias
```
32
upper limit of vitamin C
```
2 g/day
• Diarrhea
• Bloating
• Enhanced iron
absorption (only
bad if already have
too much iron)
• Hyperoxaluria
(generally only if
predisposed)
```
33
source of thiamine
```
Whole
grains
• Enriched
grains and
cereals
• Some
vegetables
and
legumes
• Meat, fish,
poultry
• Dairy
```
34
function of thiamine
```
NADPH biosynthesis:
transketolase in
pentose phosphate, 5C
sugars
• Energy metabolism –
pyruvate
dehydrogenase,
shortening of
branched fatty acids
• Synthesis of
acetylcholine,
glutamate, GABA
```
35
at risk population of thiamine
```
Malabsorption
• Alcoholism
• Limited diet +
thiaminases/antithiami
nes (raw fish, ferns,
tea)
• Persistent vomiting
• Refeeding syndrome
• Maternal thiamine
deficiency
• HIV/AIDS
• Bariatric surgery
```
36
deficiency symptoms of thiamine
```
• Fatigue and weakness
• Beriberi
Dry – peripheral neuropathy,
calf tenderness
Wet – peripheral neuropathy,
tachycardia, edema, heart
failure
• Wernicke encephalopathy:
opthalmoplegia (lateral gaze),
ataxia, confusion, cerebellar
nerve loss, neuroanatomy issues
• Korsakoff’s psychosis: amnesia,
confabulation, loss of
spontaneity and initiative
```
37
upper limit of thiamine
none
38
additional notes of thiamine
```
Mostly stored in
muscle, with a little
in liver
• Metabolically you
see accumulation
of lactate, low TCA
intermediates and
low
neurotransmitter
synthesis
```
39
source of niacin
```
• Whole
grains
(treated
with alkali)
• Meat and
fish
• Yeast
• Nuts
• Eggs
• Milk
• Tryptophan
```
40
function of niacin
```
Synthesis of fatty acids
and cholesterol,
steroid hormones,
ribonucleotides
• DNA repair
• Cell differentiation and
replication
• Oxidation of glucose
and fatty acids
• Glutamate synthesis
```
41
at risk population of niacin
```
Poor diets with very
low protein/tryptophan
(e.g. only maize, meat,
molasses)
• Hartnup’s disease
(tryptophan disorder)
• Carcinoid tumors
```
42
deficiency symptoms of niacin
```
Pellagra
Dermatitis in sun-exposed areas
Diarrhea, mucosal atrophy
Dementia – anxiety, depression,
insomnia, delirium and
hallucinations
Death
• Neuropathy and muscle
weakness
```
43
upper limit of niacin
```
35mg/day
• Vasodilation and
flushing
• Heartburn, nausea,
vomiting
• Liver toxicity
• Hyperuricemia and
gout
• Decreased insulin
sensitivity
```
44
source of folate
```
Widely
distributed
• ‘Foliage’
• Leafy
greens,
brussel
sprouts,
spinach,
broccoli
• Yeast
• Liver
• Lima and
kidney
beans
• Fortified
foods
```
45
function of folate
```
Nucleotide synthesis
and methylation
• Homocysteine to
methionine
• Methyl THF to THF
```
46
at risk population of folate
```
Alcoholism
• Poor diet
• Malabsorption
• Possibly medication
interference
```
47
deficiency symptoms of folate
```
Manifests in rapidly
proliferating tissues
-Bone marrow: megaloblastic
anemia
-GI tract: diarrhea and
malabsorption
• Risk of certain cancers – breast,
colorectal
• Neural tube defects in infants
```
48
upper limit of folate
```
High intake may be
associated with
cancer (may
accelerate growth in
cancerous/precance
rous cells)
• Possibly heart
disease
```
49
notes on folate
```
Stored primarily in
liver
• Fortified form folic
acid, which is
better absorbed
```
50
source of B12
Animal
proteins/pr
oducts
• yeast
51
function of B12
```
Cofactor for:
-methionine synthase
(with folate!)
-Methylmalonyl-CoA
mutase
```
52
at risk population of B12
```
Vegetarians/vegans
• Older adults (low
gastric acid)
• Malabsorption
• GI surgery
• Pernicious anemia (no
intrinsic factor)
```
53
deficiency symptoms of B12
```
Megaloblastic anemia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Optic neuropathy
• Subacute spinal degeneration
• Personality changes
• Memory impairment
• Depression
```
54
upper limit of B12
none
55
notes on B12
```
B12 in food is
bound to protein
and must be
released by
pepsin/stomach
acid – when
released, binds to
R factors which is
later replaced by
intrinsic factor
• Stored in liver
```
