VITAMINS and Related Reactions

Question 1

Serotonin is derived from what aa?

Answer 1

tryptophan

Question 2

Dopamine comes from what aa?

Answer 2

Question 3

Niacin (B3) is derived from…

Answer 3

tryptophan

Question 4

vitamin _______ is an important cofactor for the production of dopamine from L-dopa>

Answer 4

B6

Question 5

Vitamin _____ is necessary for the production of norepi

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Tryptophan hydroxylase is an enzyme that converts tryptophan to _______________.

Answer 6

Tryptophan hydroxylase is an enzyme that converts tryptophan to serotonin.

Question 7

Histidine decarboxylase converts histidine to ___________- using _________

Answer 7

histamine using B6

Question 8

What enzyme requires Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) as a cofactor?

Answer 8

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Transketolase

Question 9

What enzyme requires Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) as a cofactor?

Answer 9

Succinate dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase

Question 10

What enzyme requires Vitamin B3 (Niacin) as a cofactor?

Answer 10

NAD+ is a cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes (e.g., Lactate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase)

Example: Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 11

What enzyme requires Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) as a cofactor?

Answer 11

Aminotransferases (e.g., ALT, AST), Glycogen phosphorylase, DOPA decarboxylase

Question 12

What enzyme requires Vitamin B7 (Biotin) as a cofactor?

Answer 12

Pyruvate carboxylase, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

Question 13

What enzyme requires Vitamin B9 (Folate) as a cofactor?

Answer 13

Tetrahydrofolate (THF) is a cofactor for enzymes involved in one-carbon transfer reactions, such as Thymidylate synthase

Example: Thymidylate synthase

Question 14

What enzyme requires Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) as a cofactor?

Answer 14

Methionine synthase, Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Question 15

What enzyme requires Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) as a cofactor?

Answer 15

Prolyl hydroxylase, Lysyl hydroxylase (both involved in collagen synthesis)

Question 16

What enzyme requires Vitamin D as a cofactor?

Answer 16

Vitamin D is a cofactor for enzymes in the calcium homeostasis pathways, including Calbindin (calcium-binding protein)

Example: Calbindin

Question 17

What enzyme requires Vitamin E as a cofactor?

Answer 17

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) acts as an antioxidant, protecting enzymes from oxidative stress damage

Question 18

What enzyme requires Vitamin K as a cofactor?

Answer 18

Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (involved in activating clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X)

Question 20

What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 20

Night blindness, dry skin, Bitot spots, xerophthalmia

Question 21

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with beriberi?

Answer 21

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency?

Answer 22

Wet beriberi (cardiovascular issues), dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 23

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with pellagra?

Answer 23

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency

Question 24

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency?

Answer 24

Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

Question 25

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 25

Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency

Question 26

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency?

Answer 26

Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, no neurological symptoms

Question 27

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with macrocytic anemia and neurological deficits?

Answer 27

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency

Question 28

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency?

Answer 28

Megaloblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, dementia

Question 29

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with scurvy?

Answer 29

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) deficiency

Question 30

What are the symptoms of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) deficiency?

Answer 30

Scurvy (gums bleeding, petechiae, poor wound healing)

Question 31

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with rickets/osteomalacia?

Answer 31

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 32

What are the symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 32

Rickets in children (bone deformities), osteomalacia in adults (bone pain, muscle weakness)

Question 33

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with hemolytic anemia in newborns?

Answer 33

Vitamin E deficiency

Question 34

What are the symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 34

Hemolytic anemia, neurologic symptoms (ataxia, peripheral neuropathy)

Question 35

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with bleeding diathesis?

Answer 35

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 36

What are the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 36

Prolonged PT, easy bruising, bleeding (especially in newborns)

Question 37

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with a deficiency of carboxylation reactions?

Answer 37

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 38

What is the vitamin deficiency associated with defective collagen synthesis?

Answer 38

Vitamin C deficiency

Question 39

Decreased vitamin ___________ levels reduce intestinal calcium absorption, resulting in hypocalcemia, which, in turn, stimulates PTH secretion. PTH decreases phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules, leading to hypophosphatemia.

Answer 39

D

Question 40

Succinate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial enzyme that participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and uses vitamin ________as a cofactor. Riboflavin deficiency is frequently seen in malnourished patients and is characterized by cheilitis, glossitis, gingivostomatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Answer 40

Succinate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial enzyme that participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and uses vitamin B2 (riboflavin) as a cofactor. Riboflavin deficiency is frequently seen in malnourished patients and is characterized by cheilitis, glossitis, gingivostomatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Question 41

1-Alpha hydroxylase is a key enzyme necessary for the production of the active form of vitamin ______

Answer 41

1-Alpha hydroxylase is a key enzyme necessary for the production of the active form of vitamin D.

Question 42

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase is involved in the conversion of propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA and uses___________ as a cofactor.

Answer 42

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase is involved in the conversion of propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA and uses biotin as a cofactor. fatty acid metabolism

Question 43

An enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the presence of ATP and biotin during gluconeogenesis. Needs biotin as a cofactor.

Answer 43

Pyruvate carboxylase participates in amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and uses vitamin B7 (biotin) as a cofactor. An enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the presence of ATP and biotin during gluconeogenesis.

Question 44

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase requires vitamin _____ as a cofactor in the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids.

Answer 44

B12