VITAMINS & MINERALS

Question 1

Major site of storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body

Answer 1

Liver

Question 2

Liver cell responsible for vitamin A storage and liver fibrosis when activated

Answer 2

Stellate cells of Ito (perisinusoidal space)

Question 3

Storage period of vitamin A in the liver

Answer 3

6 months

Question 4

The only 2 water-soluble vitamins that is mainly stored in the liver

Answer 4

Vitamin B9

Vitamin B12

Question 5

Storage period of vitamin B9 in the body

Answer 5

3-4 months

Question 6

Storage period of vitamin B12 in the body

Answer 6

3-12 months

Question 7

Richest source of vitamin A and vitamin D

Answer 7

Halibut (fish) liver oil

Question 8

Richest plant source of vitamin A

Answer 8

Carrot

Question 9

Major source of vitamin D

Answer 9

Endogenous synthesis from 7- dehydrocholesterol via ultraviolet ray B (UVB)

Question 10

This form of vitamin K is mainly derived from dietary sources

Answer 10

Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)

Question 11

This form of vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal bacterial flora

Answer 11

Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)

Question 12

This form of SYNTHETIC, WATER- SOLUBLE vitamin K is found in supplements

Answer 12

Menadione (Vitamin K3)

Question 13

These vitamins are synthesized by intestinal microflora

Answer 13

These vitamins are synthesized by intestinal microflora

Question 14

This vitamin can be derived from tryptophan

Answer 14

Niacin

Question 15

This is the only water-soluble vitamin not derived from plant sources

Answer 15

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Question 16

Most prevalent form of carotenoid

Answer 16

β-carotene

Question 17

Carotenoid used to protect against macular degeneration

Answer 17

Lutein

Question 18

Carotenoid used to protect against prostate cancer

Answer 18

Lycopene

Question 19

Vitamin A deficiency can lead to this form of metaplasia in GI and respiratory tracts

Answer 19

Squamous metaplasia (columnar → squamous)

Question 20

Most common vitamin deficiency worldwide;

Most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide

Answer 20

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 21

Earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 21

Loss of sensitivity to green light

Question 22

Earliest symptom of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 22

Nyctalopia (night blindness)

Question 23

Most abundant form of vitamin D in blood circulation; Analyte used in determining the vitamin D status of the patient

Answer 23

25-hydroxy (OH)- cholecalciferol

Question 24

Most biologically active form of vitamin D

Answer 24

1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol (Calcitriol)

Question 25

Inactive form of vitamin D which isproduced by the kidneys when there is high level of Ca2+ in circulation

Answer 25

24,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol (Calcitroic acid)

Question 26

Vitamin D can be used to prevent infections caused by this agent

Answer 26

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 27

Vitamin D has antiproliferative effects against these cancers

Answer 27

Colon cancer | Breast cancer Prostate cancer

Question 28

Vitamin D deficiency presentation in children BEFORE closure of epiphysis

Answer 28

Rickets

Question 29

Vitamin D deficiency presentation in children AFTER closure of epiphysis

Answer 29

Osteomalacia

Question 30

Vitamins and minerals with antioxidant properties

Answer 30

``` Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E Zinc Selenium ```

Question 31

Most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant

Answer 31

Vitamin E

Question 32

High levels of Vitamin E may interfere with the effects of this vitamin

Answer 32

Vitamin K

Question 33

This enzyme is absent in humans and other primates causing inability to convert glucose to vitamin C

Answer 33

Gulonolactone oxidase

Question 34

Salient features of scurvy

Answer 34

Swollen gums Poor wound healing Bleeding diathesis Corkscrew hair

Question 35

Triad of REVERSBLE symptoms seen in Wernicke encephalopathy

Answer 35

Confusion Ophthalmoplegia Ataxia

Question 36

IRREVERSIBLE symptoms seen in Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 36

Confabulation Personality changes Memory loss

Question 37

Damaged CNS structures in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 37

Mammillary bodies, Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus

Question 38

2Cs of vitamin B2 deficiency

Answer 38

Cheilosis, | Corneal vascularization

Question 39

Conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin

Answer 39

60 mg tryptophan = 1 mg niacin

Question 40

Vitamins required in the synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

Answer 40

Vitamin B2 | Vitamin B6

Question 41

Effect of niacin to cholesterol profile

Answer 41

Decreases VLDL | Increases HDL

Question 42

3Ds of vitamin B3 deficiency

Answer 42

Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia

Question 43

Classical form of dermatitis seen in C3/C4 dermatome area in patients with vitamin B3 deficiency

Answer 43

Casal necklace

Question 44

Conditions increasing the risk for vitamin B3 deficiency

Answer 44

Hartnup disease Carcinoid syndrome Isoniazid use

Question 45

Prominent features of vitamin B3 toxicity

Answer 45

Podagra Hepatotoxicity Facial flushing

Question 46

Vitamin B5 deficiency causes this condition

Answer 46

Gopalan’s burning feet syndrome (nutritional | melalgia)

Question 47

This is the only enzyme needing vitamin B6 which is not associated with amino acid metabolism

Answer 47

Glycogen phosphorylase (for glycogenolysis)

Question 48

Toxicity of vitamin B6

Answer 48

Sensory neuropathy

Question 49

RDA of this vitamin depends on protein intake

Answer 49

Vitamin B6

Question 50

Substance found in raw egg whites (and in some antibiotics) that avidly binds to biotin → functional deficiency

Answer 50

Avidin

Question 51

Site of vitamin B9 absorption

Answer 51

Jejunum

Question 52

Site of vitamin B12 absorption

Answer 52

Ileum

Question 53

Laboratory parameter that distinguishes vitamin B12 deficiency from vitamin B9 deficiency

Answer 53

Vitamin B12 deficiency: ↑ methylmalonic acid Vitamin B9 deficiency: Normal methylmalonic acid

Question 54

Folic acid supplementation to pregnant women with NO HISTORY OF OFFSPRING WITH NTDs

Answer 54

400 ug

Question 55

Folic acid supplementation to pregnant women with HISTORY OF OFFSPRING WITH NTDs

Answer 55

4000 ug

Question 56

Salivary protein that binds to freed vitamin B12 in the stomach

Answer 56

Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I)

Question 57

Stomach protein that binds to freed vitamin B12 in the duodenum

Answer 57

Intrinsic factor

Question 58

Receptors that allow the endocytosis of vitamin B12- intrinsic factor complex

Answer 58

Cubilin receptors of ileal enterocytes

Question 59

Transport protein of vitamin B12 in circulation

Answer 59

Transcobalamin II

Question 60

The site of absorption of iron

Answer 60

Proximal duodenum

Question 61

This form of iron is favored for absorption across the luminal side of the enterocytes

Answer 61

Ferrous (Fe2+) iron

Question 62

This vitamin favors the reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron

Answer 62

This vitamin favors the reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron

Question 63

This protein is responsible for transferring iron across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes to the circulation

Answer 63

Ferroportin

Question 64

This form of iron is favored when it is being transported in the plasma by transferrin

Answer 64

Ferric (Fe3+) iron

Question 65

Chief regulator of systemic iron homeostasis

Answer 65

Hepcidin

Question 66

This water-soluble substance serves as an indicator of iron body stores

Answer 66

Ferritin

Question 67

This water-insoluble substance serves as an index of iron overload

Answer 67

Hemosiderin

Question 68

Classic triad of hemochromatosis

Answer 68

Cirrhosis Diabetes mellitus Bronzing

Question 69

Kayser-Fleischer rings seen in Wilson disease are deposited in this layer of the cornea

Answer 69

Descemet membrane

Question 70

Autosomal recessives disorder causing ↓ zinc absorption

Answer 70

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Question 71

Mineral that stabilizes the structure of insulin; Deficiency of this mineral causes impaired spermatogenesis

Answer 71

Zinc

Question 72

Mineral that potentiates the action of insulin

Answer 72

Chromium

Question 73

Endemic, reversible cardiomyopathy seen in patients with Se deficiency

Answer 73

Keshan cardiomyopathy

Question 74

Prominent feature of Se toxicity

Answer 74

Garlic breath