Vitamins, Minerals and Trace Elements/ Amino Acids

Question 1

Vita A is used for maturity of cells:

Answer 1

Measles
Cancer
Ifxn
Burn patients

Question 2

Cofac for PTH function
Used for CSF prod
Antiox

I am ?

Answer 2

Vita A

Question 3

Pseudotumor cerebri is caused by?

Answer 3

MCC : #1 obesity
#2 Vita A tox

Question 4

Vita B1 is necessary for what enzymes? (Be APT)

What is the name of the cofac?

Answer 4

• Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
• a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA cycle)
• Transketolase (HMP shunt)

TPP

Question 5

What organ needs all 3 dehydrogenases? Transketolase?

Answer 5

Heart needs all 3. Brain uses transketolase.

Question 6

B2 is used in cofactors for? What destroys B2 (Riboflavin)?

Answer 6

FAD and FMN

Sunlight destroys B2

Question 7

MOA of Niacin? SE? How to prev SE?

Answer 7

blocks VLDL prod in liver
Tx hypertriglyceridemia
increases HDL

SE: flushing/itching due to PGDs
Prev SE: NSAIDs
Tx SE w/ antihistamines

Otra SE: block insulin recep = insulin resistance
Cause gout bc cometes with uric acid

Question 8

B3 is necessary for cofactors?

Answer 8

• Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
• a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA cycle)

Question 9

What AA is B3 derived from? What happens if there is defective transport of that AA?

Answer 9

Tryptophan.

Def of it causes Hartnup dz, the Trp leaks into the urine

Question 10

Which Vita does not have a deficient state?

Answer 10

B4, Lipoic Acid

Question 11

Coenzyme A needs what Vita as a cofactor?

Answer 11

B5, Pantothenic Acid

Question 12

• Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
• a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase

require which Vita’s ?

Answer 12

B1, B3, B4, B5

Question 13

All transaminases need which vita ?

Answer 13

B6

Question 14

Which Vita is needed for nucleotide synthesis?

Answer 14

B9 to make THF, tetrahydrofolate

Question 15

Which vita is req for hydroxylation?

What are the 2 AA’s hydroxylated in collagen and elastin?

Answer 15

Vit C

proline and lysine

Question 16

What are the antioxidants ?

Answer 16

Vit E - blood
Vit C - GI
Vit A, B-Carotene, Trace Elements

Question 17

Dz’s involved in oxidation? (4)

Answer 17

CA
Alheizmers
CAD
Hemolytic anemia - esp G6PD

Question 18

X linked dominant

Answer 18

all dads give it to all daughters

Question 19

X linked recessive

Answer 19

all moms give it to all sons -

Question 20

Vita E def causes

Answer 20

peripheral neuropathies (ataxia, decrease position and vibration)

Question 21

SE of heparin?

Answer 21

Bleeding
Hyperlipidemia - via HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) like glucagon
HIT

Question 22

What drug to switch to if you have HIT ?

Answer 22

Lepirudin/ Argatroban (block thrombin)

OR fondaparinoux

Question 23

C/I of heparin?

Answer 23

C/I: head injury, recent CPR, bleeding ulcer, IVC filter

Question 24

Gut flora makes ?

Answer 24

90% Vita K 
B9
B7
B5
helps absorb B12

Question 25

Smooth muscle uses extracellular Ca for

Answer 25

second messenger systems

Question 26

cofactor for all kinases and PTH | Cotransport protein for K and Ca

Answer 26

Magnesium

Question 27

Cardiac ventricle uses

Answer 27

Calcium-induced calcium release

Question 28

Needed by hair, skin, sperm and taste buds | dysgeusia - impaired test

Answer 28

Zinc

Question 29

lysine oxidase in the formation of collagen | Needed by Complex IV

Answer 29

Copper

Question 30

autosomal recessive

Answer 30

enzyme deficiency dz

Question 31

enhances insulin action | deficiency causes DM

Answer 31

Chromium

Question 32

this trace element is needed by the heart excess: breath smells like garlic Def: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Answer 32

Selenium

Question 33

Needed by enzymes in glycolysis Xanthine Oxidase needs both elements Enzyme needed to make uric acid

Answer 33

Molybdenum and Manganese

Question 34

Needed for hair growth

Answer 34

Tin

Question 35

Needed for teeth and bone growth | Excess: blocks enolase of glycolysis - LES

Answer 35

Fluoride

Question 36

intracellular buffer in RBC is

Answer 36

Hemoglobin

Question 37

DOC for chronic neuropathy

Answer 37

Amitriptyline

Question 38

inhibitory neurotransmitter for the spinal cord smallest amino acid NO chiral carbon

Answer 38

Glycine

Question 39

Trp deficiency can be created by what syndrome?

Answer 39

Carcinoid Syndrome

Question 40

You can not make Niacin w/o?

Answer 40

Trp

Question 41

What 4 hormones are disulfide bonds? (PIGI)

Answer 41

Prolactin Insulin Growth Hormone Inhibin

Question 42

What are the ketogenic AAs?

Answer 42

Lysine | Leucine

Question 43

Which AAs are both glucogenic and ketogenic? (PITT)

Answer 43

PHE ISO THR TRP

Question 44

What AAs wouldn't you give a DM 1 pt and WHY?

Answer 44

Lysine and Leucine bc they are ketogenic.

Question 45

How does the body utilize energy during starvation? (5)

Answer 45

``` 1 plasma glucose 2 liver glycogen 3 proteolysis for gluconeogenesis 4 lipolysis 5 ketogenesis ```

Question 46

Hormones epinephrine and glucagon control

Answer 46

plasma glucose and liver glycogen

Question 47

Glucagon controls

Answer 47

Lipolysis and ketogenesis

Question 48

Cortisol and GH control

Answer 48

proteolysis

Question 49

Glucagon controls what

Answer 49

gluconeogenesis

Question 50

Autoimmune antibodies against melanocytes?

Answer 50

Vitiligo

Question 51

If you have a tyrosinase deficiency?

Answer 51

Albinism

Question 52

defect renal transport of amino acids

Answer 52

Cystinuria Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine