Vitamins, minerals & nutrients

Question 1

Vitamin A

Answer 1

• fat soluble
• normal growth
• development of bones and teeth
• skin and mucosal membranes
• eye sight= rhodopsin formation
• xerophthalmia: cornea and tear duct

Question 2

Vitamin A: dietary sources

Answer 2

Preformed vitamin A (retinal)- animal sources

Provitamin A- carotenoids (carrots, cantaloupe, dark veggies)

Question 3

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 3

• Stored in liver and fatty tissue
• increase risk of toxicity
• absorption in small intestines via micelles

Question 4

Water- soluble vitamins

Answer 4

• Vitamin C and B complex
• briefly stored and exerted
• daily replenishment
• Execption: B-12 =stored in liver

Question 5

Vitamin D

Answer 5

• Maintains normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels
• develop and maintains strong bones
• attained though foods and IV rays
• UV rays trigger vitamin synthesis

Question 6

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 6

Osteomalacia (Rickett’s in children)

Osteoporosis

Question 7

Vitamin D dietary sources

Answer 7

Yeast
Fish liver oils
Salmon
Fortified foods D2 or D3(dairy, cereals)

Question 8

Vitamin E

Answer 8

• antioxidant
• prevents formation of free radicals
• prevents cell membrane damage
• free radicals attack cell tissues ad alter membranes

Question 9

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 9

• Hemolytic anemia

- disruption of myelin formation

Question 10

Vitamin E dietary sources

Answer 10

Vegetable oils
Peanuts
Products made from oils

Question 11

Vitamin K

Answer 11

• coagulation vitamin
• promotes lover synthesis of clotting factors
• antidote for an over dosage of warfarin
• body makes vitamin through bacteria in the GI tract
• hepatic biosynthesis of blood clotting

Question 12

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 12

Bleeding/hemorrhage

Question 13

The B vitamins

Answer 13

• Found in fresh fruits and vegetables
• change food into energy
• help the body use fats and proteins
• cell division and cell metabolism
• require an acidic environment for absorption

Question 14

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Answer 14

• Coenzyme in the metabolism of CHO
• conversion of CHO to energy for heart, nervous system, and muscle function
• greater risk of deficiency with chronic alcoholism

Question 15

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Deficiency

Answer 15

• Weakened heart muscle
• nerve activity in brain impaired
• impair GI function and secretory glands

Question 16

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Dietary sources

Answer 16

Whole grains
Green peas
Potatoes 
Legumes 
Milk

Question 17

Folate (B9)

Answer 17

• cell division and DNA synthesis
• stimulates production of RBC, WBC, and platelets
• aids in heme production
• greater deficiency risk with chronic alcoholism
• fat soluble

Question 18

Folate (B9) deficiency

Answer 18

Megaloblastic anemia

Neural tube defects

Question 19

Folate (B9) Dietary Sources

Answer 19

Dark leafy greens
Citrus fruits
Tomatoes
Legumes
Fortified cereals
Grains

Question 20

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 20

Vitamin B1
Vitamin B9
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C

Question 21

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 21

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

Question 22

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Answer 22

Normal growth 
Call reproduction 
Maturation of RBC's 
Folic acid and B12 needed for RBC production 
Protein complex found in animal foods

Question 23

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Answer 23

-Megaloblastic anemia
-Pernicious anemia
affects hematologist and nervous system
-needed B12 IM injections for pernicious anemia
-cognitive mpairment
-numbness
-tingling-
Risk Populations:
Elderly d/t < HCL-
vegan/ strict vegetarians

Question 24

Vitamin B12 Dietary sources

Answer 24

Meat
Fish
Chicken 
Milk
Cheese
Fortified foods

Question 25

Vitamin C

Answer 25

- Synthesis and maintenance of collagen - Intercellular formation of blood vessels, bones, cartilage, skin and tendons - maintain immune system - promotes formation of RBC's - helps with absorption of iron

Question 26

Iron

Answer 26

- Requires acidic environment for conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron - carries O2 around body - immune function - growth needs and brain development - stored as ferritin in liver, spleen, and bone marrow - Vitamin C supports absorption

Question 27

Iron deficiencies

Answer 27

Iron-deficiency anemia | Geri pt's taking antacids at inc. risk

Question 28

Calcium

Answer 28

``` Stored in teeth and bones Bone matrix construction Contraction/relaxation of ms and heart Transmit NV impulses Blood coagulation to convert prothrombin to thrombin Regulated by PTH, Vitamin D, Calcitonin ```

Question 29

Calcium deficiency

Answer 29

Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Nerve and muscle excitability (tremors) Paresthesia ( tingling and prickling and round mouth and fingers)

Question 30

CLINICAL SIGNS | Skin tuger:tenting

Answer 30

Dehydration

Question 31

CLINICAL SIGNS | Dry, scaly skin

Answer 31

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 32

CLINICAL SIGNS | Spoon shaped nails

Answer 32

Iron deficiency

Question 33

CLINICAL SIGNS | Ecchymosis, petechiae, nosebleeds

Answer 33

``` Vitamin K deficiency (clotting issues) Vitamin C (capillary wall integrity) ```

Question 34

CLINICAL SIGNS | Pale conjunctiva

Answer 34

Iron deficiency

Question 35

CLINICAL SIGNS | Hair loss

Answer 35

Protein deficiency

Question 36

Function of protein

Answer 36

- necessary for building and maintaining body tissues - helps maintain blood volume (albumin) - helps maintain immune fx

Question 37

Function of water

Answer 37

Found in and around cells Maintains all body functions Major constituent of blood and BP Solvent for vitamins and minerals