Viticulture Flashcards
1
Q
What is Viticulture
A
the study of grape growing
2
Q
What happens first in the life cycle of the vine
A
budbreak, in the spring
3
Q
What happens during February (in Northern Hemisphere) before budbreak
A
“weeping” or “bleeding” watery sap from pruned canes
4
Q
What air temperature brings about budbreak
A
50 F
5
Q
During what months does budbreak occur in the Norther hemisphere
A
March or April
6
Q
What is budbreak?
A
first small shoots and leaves break through buds left intact by winter pruning
7
Q
During which parts of the life cycle is the vine most vulnerable to frost?
A
Budbreak, flowering and fruit set
8
Q
What is an embryo bunch?
A
Small green clusters that form by mid-April in northern hemisphere
9
Q
When does flowering occur?
A
6-13 weeks after initial budbreak, depending on climate
10
Q
How long does flowering last?
A
about 10 days
11
Q
What happens during flowering?
A
embryo bunches bloom into small flowers for about 10 days and self pollinate, fertilizing the flowers
(each fertilized flower will form one grape)
12
Q
What does flowering lead to during the life cycle of a vine?
A
fertilization, and then fruit set
13
Q
What happens during fruit set?
A
Successfully pollinated embryo bunches grow into true grape clusters
14
Q
What is the typical rate or percentage that makes it to fruit set?
A
30%
15
Q
What is the term for remaining unfertilized embryo berries falling from the cluster
A
shattering
16
Q
When does veraison (véraison) begin?
A
August In Northern Hemisphere
February in Southern Hemisphere
17
Q
What happens during veraison?
A
grapes truly ripen, soften, and change color
acidity decreases
18
Q
What is the term for uneven ripening and what grape varieties does it most notable affect?
A
Millerandage
Zinfandel
Gewurztraminer, Sangiovese
19
Q
What is cane ripening and when does it occur?
A
The stems on each shoot begin to lignify (become woody), accumulating carbohydrates to sustain the plant through the winter
Occurs in tandem with veraison
20
Q
What is Vendange?
A
Harvest
21
Q
When does harvest occur?
A
as early as late August, as late as beginning of November
botrytis affected or icewine grapes can hang until late November to December
22
Q
What is physiological ripeness
A
ripening of tannin and other phenolics, condition of the berry and its pulp, and seed lignification (often requires longer hang time)
23
Q
What happens after harvest?
A
- optional fertilization applied in fall after harvest
- vines lose leaves in autumn
- enter winter dormancy
- vines pruned over winter
24
Q
What is climate?
A
expected temperature, rainfall, sunshine, wine, and other atmospheric elements
remains relatively stable from year to year
25
What is weather?
The daily manifestation of climate
responsible for vintage variation
26
What is the average annual temperature level preferred for vines?
between 50-68 F
ideal is 57
27
What average summer temperature is required to successfully ripen red grapes?
White?
70 F for red
66 for white
28
What band of latitude is viticulture generally restricted to?
30-50
29
What is the California Heat Summation Index?
A method of classifying climates solely by temperature
Degree days calculated by multiplying days in each month of growing season by average number of degrees over 50 that month
30
What is the growing season defined as for the California Heat Summation Index?
April 1 through October 31
31
California Heat Summation Index Range for Region Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V
```
Degree Days
Region Ia 1,500-2,000° days F
Region Ib 2,000-2,500° days F
Region II 2,500-3,000° days F
Region III 3,000-3,500° days F
Region IV 3,500-4,000° days F
Region V 4,000-4,900° days F
```
32
What is the minimum amount of sunshine required to support viticulture?
~1,300 hours
33
Is there more sunshine in the growing season closer to the equator or further away?
further away
| --> cooler climates often have more sunshine
34
How does cloud cover affect the vine?
does not affect photosynthesis
| limits heat
35
How much rainfall is required to produce n adequate crop?
~20-30 inches anually
36
When is it ideal for the vine to receive rainfall?
In the winter and spring, and mostly dry in summer, like Mediterranean regions
37
What is water stress?
Too little rain, promotes smaller berry size, yield and eventually interrupts ripening and shuts down vine
38
What can happen if a vine receives too much rain?
- dilutes fruit quality
| - promotes fungal diseases
39
How can wind negatively and positively affect vines?
- can undermine flowering
- wind chill can devastate
- can stifle mold and mildew
- can prevent frost (wind machines)
40
What is terroir?
defines the complete system of the living vine
entire system of factors that influence the development of the vine
comprised of location, topography, soil, climate, and hand of man
41
Define:
Macroclimate
Mesoclimate
Microclimate
Macroclimate - regional climate, some regions have more than one
Mesoclimate - climate of a particular vineyard, some have more than one (Corton)
-aspect and shelter essential
Microclimate - climate in and around vine canopy, all parts of vine above ground
-canopy management allows man's intervention
42
What is aspect?
degree and direction of a slope
43
What are a few canopy management techniques?
winter pruning
leaf removal
shoot positioning
trellising systems
44
What soil type is preferred for vines?
```
Low-fertility
well drained
easily penetrated
good water retention
heat retention/reflection depending on climate
high pH leads to low pH wine
```
45
How can soil acidity be countered?
Apply lime
46
What is a clone?
identical genetic reproduction of a single vine, chosen for disease resistance, hardiness, yield, aromatics, structure, color
47
What is mass selection? (selection massale)
selecting budwood (scion) to replant from a number of vines throughout a vineyard
goal - reinforce positive traits, eliminate negative traits, maintain genetic diversity
48
What are some reasons to select rootstock?
resistance to phylloxera
withstand disease and drought
tolerance to salt and lime
effect on vine vigor
49
When does a vine start producing crop suitable for harvest?
When is a vine mature?
When are the roots mature?
When does yield in commercial vineyards decline?
When does vine typically become uneconomical?
3 years
6 years
10 years (dependent on soil/climate)
20 years
50 years
50
Name the three components of vine training:
pruning
shaping
trellising
51
Name the two objectives of vine training:
maximize the vine's performance in local conditions
keep its canes from touching the ground and establishing new roots
52
What is Cordon training?
At least one permanent cane extends from the trunk (called arm or cordon)
- grows thick and gnarled over time
- fruit bearing shoots emerge from it each season
generally requires trellis system
53
What is head training?
No permanent cordon, trunk ends in a knob, or head
- maybe trellised, but commonly thought as alternative to trellising
- synonymous with bush vines
54
What kind of pruning may be done for head trained vines?
spur-pruning or cane pruning
55
What kind of pruning is done for codon-trained vines?
Spur pruning
56
What is a spur?
A (woody) cane cut back to two buds
57
What is a "kicker cane"
An extra cane left just in case as a way of combining spur and cane pruning on an otherwise spur trained cordon
58
When was the guyot system developed
1860, by Jules Guyot
59
What type of pruning/training does the Guyot system use?
cane-pruning, head training
requires trellis
60
What type of pruning/training does the Gobelet system use?
spur-pruning, head training
61
Where is the Gobelet system notable used?
Southern Rhône, Southern Italy
62
What is the name for the Gobelet system in Italy?
Spain?
Australia?
Albarello
En vaso
Bush vines
63
What type of pruning/training does the Cordon de Royat system use?
spur-pruning, cordon training
64
What is the preferred training system for Pinot Noir in Champagne?
Cordon de Royat
65
What does Cordon de Royat training look like?
A single spur pruned cordon extends horizontally from the trunk
66
Name two other spur pruned/cordon trained systems
Lyre system, Geneva System
67
What is Vertical Shoot Positioning? (VSP)
A trellising system used for both cane and spur trained vines
68
What is the Tendone system? What is it known as in Italy? Portugal?
A system where vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath
Pergola (Italy)
Enforcado (Portugal)
69
What are the four main groups of diseases that can affect a vine?
Fungal, Viral, Bacterial, Phytoplasma
70
What kind of climate breads fungal diseases? How are spores spread?
warm and damp
Spread by wind, and rain
71
What type(s) of vine disease can be spread only through grafting or insects?
Viral and phytoplasma
72
What are grapevine yellows?
Another name for the phytoplasma diseases. Caused widespread difficulties in the 21st C
73
What is Daktulosphaira vitifoliae?
- the aphid known as Phylloxera, a root louse
| - Native to the Eastern US
74
When/where did phylloxera first spread to Europe?
In the early 1860s, to the Southern Rhône Valley from cuttings imported from the US
75
What is the one notable wine growing country that has never been affected by phylloxera?
Chile
76
How does phylloxera destroy vines?
Destroys the root system
77
What type of soil acts as a natural barrier against phylloxera?
Sand
78
What other bugs can act as carriers (vectors) of disease?
Mealy bugs, nematodes, glassy-winged sharpshooters
79
What is another name for Oidium?
- Powdery Mildew
| - Fungal Disease
80
How does powdery mildew affect vines?
How can it be controlled?
- marks all green part of the plants (grapes, leaves, shoots) with dusty white mildew growth.
- inhibits development and ripening
- creates off-flavors!
-controlled through sulfur and fungicide application
81
What is Peronospora?
- Downy mildew
| - Fungal Disease
82
Where did Downy mildew originate?
US, then spread to Europe in 1880s through cuttings
83
How does downy mildew affect vines?
limits ability to photosynthesize by causing leaves to fall off
84
How does downy mildew present and how can it be controlled?
Presents as oil spot on leaf of the vine, then cottony growth on underside of leaves.
Controlled with Bordeaux Mixture
85
What is the Bordeaux Mixture and what was it developed to combat?
Copper sulfate, water, lime
developed by 1885 to prevent downy mildew
86
What is another name for dead arm
- Eutypa Dieback
- Fungal Disease
caused by Eutypa lata fungus
87
How do spores enter for Eutypa Dieback
- spores carried by rain
| - enter through pruning wounds
88
Climate for Eutypa Dieback? What does it do?
Mediterranean
stunted shoot growth
infected cane may die (the dead arm)
89
Does Eutypa Dieback affect quality? Quantitiy?
Drastic effect on yield, but doesnt devalue quality
D'Arenburg!!!
90
What is Esca? Unique about what causes it?
| What does it do?
-Fungal Disease
- Black Measles - no cure or control!
- caused by COMPLEX of fungi, not just one
- young vines - weaken growth, bad berry development, discoloration
- old vines - interior of trunk and arms soften and rot from inside, rarely live past 30 yrs old
91
Where is Black Rot native to? How does it present, what does it do, can it be controlled?
- Native to North America
- Guignardia bidwelli fungus
- black spot on shoots, leaves, berries
- yield reduction
- control with fungicide
92
What is bunch rot? What does it do?
- Fungal Disease
- group of similar diseases caused by number of species
- generally - reduces yield, may adversely affect with moldy off flavors
93
Malevolent vs preferred form of Botrytis Bunch rot?
| What % humidity required?
Grey rot vs Noble rot!
- Botrytis cinerea
- 90% humidity required
94
Three Fungal diseases that started in North America
Downy Mildew
Powdery Mildew
Black Rot
95
What bacterium causes Pierce's disease?
| How is it commonly trasmitted?
Xylella fastidiosa
(Bacterial Disease)
Glassy-winged-sharpshooter
96
How does Pierces disease affect vines? WHere is it common and spreading? How do you control?
- scourge - renders vines incapable of producing chlorophyll - kills in 1-5 yrs
- common in South US and Mexico, but spreading to California!
- no control or cure!!!
97
Fungal Diseases (6)
- Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
- Downy Mildew (Peronospora)
- Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm)
- Esca (Black Measles)
- Black Rot
- Bunch Rot
98
Bacterial Diseases (3)
Pierce's Disease
Crown Gall (Black knot)
Bacterial Blight
99
What is Black Knot?
Crown Gall - Bacterial Disease
-caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium
vine develops tumors! (galls)
100
What Bacterial disease thrives in cool climates?
Crown Gall - Black knot
101
What is Bacterial Blight caused by? What does it do? How can it spread and be controlled?
Bacterial Disease
-Xanthomonas ampelina bacterium
- kills young grapevine shoots
- (dark brown steaks then wither and die)
- spread by rain and pruning tools
- controlled with hot water treatment and copper spray like BDX mixture
102
Viral Diseases (2)
- Leafroll Virus
| - Fanleaf Degeneration
103
What does Leafroll Virus cause? How does it manifest/spread? Is it curable?
- Production loses, reduced yields, delayed ripening
- radiant shades of red and gold in autumn with downward curling of leaves
- spread by propagation of infected vines or insects like mealy bug
- not curable!!! but wont kill vine.
104
Describe Fanleaf Degeneration
- Viral Disease
- spread by soil nematodes
- curtails yields, deforms shoot growth, poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries
- misformed leaves resemble fans - may have yellow bands at veins
- infected vineyards must be removed
105
What type of disease is Flavescence Dorée?
Phytoplasma Disease (grapevine yellows
106
Where did Flavescence Dorée first appear? how did it spread and what does it to? Can it be cured?
- Armagnac 1949
- spread by leafhopper insects and propagation of infected vines
- delays budbreak, slow shoot growth, bunches fall off vine and verries shrivel
- can kill young vines
- no cure! but insecticides can delay spread
107
Can wine labeled Organic in US or Australia contain sulphites?
NO
so most good bottles would say "made from organically grown grapes"
108
Describe IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
- sustainable approach to weed, insect and disease problems
- targeted application of some synthetic products, but reduces use and often used in transition to organics
-ensuring health of other flora and fauna in and around vineyard to help combat vine pests and diseases naturally
109
Where is VINEA?
Walla Walla
| -farm in accordance to standards of LIVE (Low Input Viticulture and Enology)
110
What percentage must be Salmon Safe to be OSCW (Oregon Sustainable Certified Wine?
97%
| -must be certified by LIVE or USDA Organic
111
Father of Biodynamics
| -modern embodiment?
Rudolf Steiner (Austrian)
- introduced in 1924
- Nicolas Joly in Loire
