Viticulture Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Most important NA species?
A
Labrusca, Riparia, Berlandieri, Rupestris
2
Q
What is a petiole?
A
Leaf stalk
3
Q
Two types of buds?
A
Compound (latent) or prompt
4
Q
What is the function of prompt buds?
A
Lateral shoots - secondary if the primary shoot is damaged
5
Q
Function of stomata?
A
Allow photosynthesis to occur in leaves; close if water stressed
6
Q
How many inflorescence per shoot?
A
1-3
7
Q
5 functions of roots
A
Anchoring, water, nutrients, carbohydrate storage, hormone production
8
Q
Most common propagation technique?
A
Cuttings - planting a section of vine shoot to grow into a new plant
9
Q
What process creates new grape varieties?
A
Cross fertilisation
10
Q
When is budburst (northern)
A
Feb-April
11
Q
When is Flowering/fruit set
A
May-June
12
Q
What is required for dormancy?
A
Below 10C
Not too cold (below -20)
Not too mild
13
Q
What is required for budburst?
A
Average above 10C
No frost/cold soils
14
Q
What do you plant in high-risk frost areas?
A
Late-budding varieties - SB, CS, Syrah
15
Q
How can you delay budburst? Why?
A
Late winter pruning - spring frost
16
Q
What is required for shoot/leaf growth?
A
Stored carbs, warmth/sunlight/nutrients/water; no water stress, low carbs
17
Q
What causes low stored carbs?
A
Excessive leaf removal, water stress, mildew, high yields last year
18
Q
What is required for flowering/fruit set?
A
Minimum 17C
Sunlight, warmth, water, nutrients
No rain, clouds, wind, cold
19
Q
Describe coulure
A
Fruit set fails for most flowers. Ovule fertilisation is unsuccessful.
Caused by low carbs, whether lack of storage or diverted to other shoots
20
Q
Describe millerandage
A
High proportion of seedless grapes; grapes are smaller and reduces wine volume; usually lower quality
Caused by cold, wet, windy weather at fruit set
21
Q
What is required for grape development?
A
Sunlight, warmth, mild water stress; avoid too much water/nutrients/shading/extreme temperatures
22
Q
Two main acids in grapes
A
Tartaric and malic
23
Q
Why limit water and nutrients during grape development?
A
They encourage shoot growth rather than ripening
24
Q
What happens to grapes in veraison?
A
Cell walls become stretchy and supple
Green chlorophyll is broken down as anthocyanins develop
25
Best temperature for photosynthesis?
18-33C
26
Best temperature for increasing anthocyanins?
15-25C
27
Examples of early ripening/late ripening?
Early: chard/PN; late: CS/Gren
28
Effects of warm temperatures during grape ripening?
Faster sugar accumulation
| Faster malic acid degradation
29
Effects of sunlight on grape develoment?
Development of anthocyanins
Reduction of methoxypyrazines.
Greater accumulation of tannins pre-veraison
Promotes tannin polymerization after veraison
Decreases malic acid
30
Temperature difference per 100m altitude increase?
0.6C
31
Which aspect extends vine growth and ripening?
East (morning sunshine) - dries
32
Which is better for close water proximity - early-ripening or late ripening?
Early ripening
33
El Nino - location and effects?
Washington/Oregon and Australia
| Warmer temps and drought
34
Regions known for morning fog?
Sonoma, Napa, Leyda Valley, Sauternes
35
How much rainfall needed per year?
500mm cool, 750mm warm
36
Why does a vine need water?
Turgidity, photosynthesis, temperature regulation, nutrient uptake
37
Function of stomata?
Photosynthesis and transpiration
38
Results of too much rain in the summer?
Excessive shoot/leaf growth
Dilution of sugar
Grape splitting (rot)
Increased transpiration (increased sugar)
39
Effect of water-logged soil?
Reduces oxygen, which slows root growth and can kill vine
40
Characteristics of soil on slopes?
Thin - due to erosion
| Lower water/nutrients
41
Define evapotranspiration
Rate at which water is no longer available;
| Combination of vine transpiration and evaporation of water from the soil
42
Three factors leading to high evapotranspiration rate?
Hot, dry, windy weather
43
Five most important nutrients?
Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium
44
Importance of Nitrogen?
Vine growth, vigor, grape quality
45
Importance of Potassium?
Vine growth, regulate water flow
46
Importance of Phosphorus?
Photosynthesis
47
Importance of Calcium?
Photosynthesis, structure of plant cells
48
Importance of Magnesium?
Photosynthesis, grape yields/ripening
49
Importance of soil pH?
Nutrient availability/uptake
50
Difference between organic and inorganic compounds, and why is it important?
Organic contains carbon; vines cannot uptake carbon, nutrients need to converted to inorganic compounds
51
What is mineralization?
The conversion of organic compounds to humus or other available inorganic compounds
52
Role of humus?
Increase soil ability to hold nutrients/water
| Binds soil together
53
Most important characteristics of soil?
Texture (proportion of mineral particles)
| Structure (how mineral particles aggregate)
54
When does soil radiate warmth?
Light-colored: During the day, maximizing sunlight
| Dark-colored: At night, moderating diurnal changes
55
What determines climate?
Annual temperature pattern, sunlight, rainfall, humidity, wind
56
Ways to measure climate zones?
GDD - Growing Degree Days (Winkler Zones)
Huglin Index - used in Europe
Mean Temp of Warmest Month - July/January
Growing Season Temperature - basically GDD
57
Define Maritime climate.
Low differences between summer/winter
Rainfall evenly spread throughout year
Ex. Bordeaux, Champagne, Loire
58
Define Mediterranean climate
Low annual differences between summer/winter
Rainfall in winter, dry summers
Ex. Napa, Coonawarra, Stellenbosch
59
Define Continental climate
Extreme summer/winter differences
Short summers, fluxuating spring/fall
Ex. Burgundy, Alsace
60
Temperature ranges for climates
Cool - below 16.5
Moderate - 16.5-18.5
Warm - 18.5-21
Hot - above 21
61
Define continentailty
Difference between annual mean temperature of hottest and coldest months
62
Effects of climate change
```
More evapotranspiration/water stress
Earlier/faster vine cycle
Less acidity more sugar
Change in aroma compounds
Extreme weather events
```
63
Advantages of Conventional Viticulture?
Mechanization, reduction of competition, tend to specific needs (irrigation/hazards/nutrients/water)
Increased yield
Minimized cost
64
Disadvantages of Conventional Viticulture?
More prone to pests/disease
Nutrients depleted
Chemicals lead to environmental damages
65
Characteristics of Conventional Viticulture?
Creating a monoculture
Raised production level
Reduced labor
Using mechanization, chemicals, irrigation, clonal selection, fertilizers
66
Characteristics of Sustainable Viticulture?
Focusing on environment
Protect natural ecosystem
Maintain biodiversity
Minimize chemicals
67
Define IPM
Integrated Pest Management
| Setting thresholds for implementing control measures
68
Advantages to Sustainable Viticulture?
Attention to economic, social, and environmental impact
Using scientific understanding to minimize interventions
Cost saving
69
Disadvantages of Sustainable Viticulture?
Term not protected, no set standards
| Bar can be set too low
70
Characteristics of Organic Viticulture?
Using compost to break down soil/provide nutrients
Cover crops (not monoculture)
Natural fertilisers only (sulfur, copper sulfate)
Natural predators/sexual confusion pheromone tags
71
Certifying organization for organic?
IFOAM - International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
72
Advantages of Organic/Biodynamic Viticulture?
Improvement of soil and vine health
Saving on chemical cost
Elimination of synthetic chemicals
73
Disadvantages of Organic/Biodynamic Viticulture?
Possible yield reduction
Metal build-up in soil from copper
Cost/time of certification
74
What are preparations?
Homeopathic remedies used in biodynamic viticulture to fertilize soil and prevent diseases and pests
75
Certification body for Biodynamic Viticulture?
Demeter
76
Define Precision Viticulture
Collecting data from sensors to make plot or row based decisions
77
Advantages of Precision Viticulture?
Detailed understanding of variations, and the ability to tailor as neede
Aim to improve yields and quality
78
Disadvantages of Precision Viticulture?
High initial cost
| Trained staff to understand data analysis
79
Factors to consider when establishing a vineyard?
Site Selection
Soil preparation
Planting materials
80
Factors in site selection?
```
Fertility
Climate/Topography
Price
GI
Layout
```
81
Important considerations for vineyard location?
Ease of access to winery
Ease of access to market/distribution/customers
Ease of access to labor/supplies
Relevance of GI per cost/what you want to make
82
Pre-planting analysis of soil includes what components?
```
Drainage
Structure
Mineral composition
Pests
Other plants
```
83
What is subsoiling?
Breaking down of the soil to increase drainage/cultivation
84
How to combat low soil pH/acidic soils?
Plough in lime
85
Climate considerations when choosing grape variety to plant?
```
Early/late budding
Early/late ripening
Drought tolerance
Disease resistance
Vigor
Winter hardiness
```
86
Style/preferential considerations when choosing grape variety to plant?
```
Style of wine
Yield
Cost
Law
Availability
Market demand
```
87
Besides phylloxera, when might you choose to graft rootstock?
```
Pest-resistant (root-knot nematodes)
Drought-resistant
Water-log resistant
Salinity resistant
Low or high pH
Moderate/enhance vigor
```
88
Advantages of organic fertilizers?
Cheap/free
Easily accessible
Gradual uptake
89
Disadvantages of organic fertilizers? (Aka advantages of switching to inorganic)
Need to be incorporated into soil (labor)
Bulky, expensive to transport/spread
Not tailored to specific needs
90
What is cultivation?
Controlling weeds by ploughing soil and disrupting roots. Incorporates organic fertilizer
91
Three types of herbicides?
Pre-emergent
Contact - kills green part of weed
Systemic - uptake through leaves, kills plant
92
Aims of canopy management?
Maximize light effectiveness
Reduce shade
Ensure uniform ripening
Promote balance between vegetative/reproductive functions
Arrange in order to promote machine/manual labor
Air circulation
93
Effect of shade on latent buds?
More vegetative structures grow rather than reproductive
94
Effects of sunlight on grape development?
```
Increased sugar through greater photosynthesis
Increased tannin/polymerisation
Increased anthocyanins
Decreased malic acid
Decreased Methoxypyrazines
Increased aroma precursors/compounds
```
95
When does the vine shift nutrients from green to grapes?
Veraison
96
Long-term effects of under cropping?
Vine enters vegetative cycle, decreased bud fruitfulness
97
Long-term effects of over-cropping?
Vine weakens, decreased bud fruitfulness
98
Examples of canopy management?
Vine training, winter pruning, vine trellising, vigour management (Fertilisation/irrigation/cover crops), summer pruning
99
Factors to decide trellising methods?
Vigour, topography, mechanization
100
Describe bush vines and their relevance.
Head-trained, spur-pruned
Simple, inexpensive
Natural shading from shoots - great for hot/sunny regions
Not for rainy conditions or when mechanization is desired
101
When to use VSP?
Low/moderate vigor
102
What is Guyot training?
VSP with replacement cane-pruned vines
103
Name three complex training systems and why they would and would not be used.
Geneva Double Curtain, Lyre, Scott-Henry
Used for high vigor to spread out canopy
Difficult to manage/mechanize
104
Examples of summer pruning?
Disbudding, shoot removal, shoot positioning, pinching, shoot trimming, leaf removal, crop thinning/green harvesting
105
Possible results of rainfall during fruit set?
Coulure or millerandage
106
Temperature difference for hillside vs valley floor during winter?
5C
107
Reducing frost risk:
```
Site selection (avoid frost pockets)
Delayed winter pruning
Late-budding varieties
NO cover crops
High training
```
108
Combating frost:
```
Aspersion (water sprinklers)
Wind machines (pull warmer air down)
Helicopters
Gas burning heaters (smudge pots)
Wax candles (bougies)
```
109
Hail protection:
Rockets fired into thunderclouds
Netting
Crop insurance
Separate vineyard sites
110
Effects of sunburned grapes?
Browning skin, bitter taste, susceptibility to rot
111
Fire protection:
Avoid cover crops (kindling)
Install fire detectors and sprinklers
Install/maintain a water tank
Provide employee emergency training
112
Describe a phylloxera infestation:
Feeds/lay eggs in roots
Transported by humans on equipment, roots, and irrigation
Damage to roots causing nutrient and water uptake issues and increased backteria/fungi
113
Describe effects of nematodes:
Feed on roots, reducing yields and vigor
Transmit viral diseases (e.g. fanleaf virus)
Cannot be eliminated in a vineyard, only managed
114
Which pests feed on leaves?
Spider mites
115
Two main types of mildew and how to prevent?
Powdery & Downy
Sullfur sprays
Open canopies
116
What is trunk disease?
Eutypa dieback
| Fungal infection that spreads by wind
117
Most common bacterial disease and its effect?
Pierce's Disease
| Clogs sap channels, leads to vine death
118
Time frame from flowering to harvest?
100 days
119
When are grapes considered ripe enough for harvest?
19-25 Brix
Acidity level - titration or pH
Aroma/tannin ripeness
120
Advantages to machine harvest?
Faster/cheaper/less labor
Harvest at night, better condition
Correct harvest time (no need to start early for manual labor)
121
Disadvantages to machine harvest?
```
No steep slope access
Need skilled operator
Less gentle
Cost of machine
No whole bunch
```
122
When is hand harvesting required?
Premium sparkling wines
Beaujolais/carbonic maceration style
Bunch-by-bunch - Botrytis
