Viticulture & Enology

Question 1

Note about diversity of wine cultivars versus other plants

Genus and species of grape used for wine

Where this type is thought to have originated, and how it spread through human intervention

Answer 1

While some crops, such as apples and tomatoes, have as wide-ranging a selection of cultivars as do grapes, no other plant is grown commercially in so many different varieties.

Vitis vinifera

In the Caucasus Mountains between Europe and Asia, then spreading across Europe, into the Middle East, and then around the world.

Question 2

Define grape varieties and how they came about

How many are there generally

What is the second most commercially important grape species after Vitis vinifera

Answer 2

Vine subspecies that evolved into distinct types over time in different regions.

Thousands

Vitis labrusca

Question 3

Second most commercially important grape species

Famous variety within this species

Why it is important

Where and when was this species of grapes found

Why they did not work for wine, with term to describe

Answer 3

Vitis labrusca

Concord

its sweet, flavorful grapes make table grapes good for fresh consumption or unfermented grape juice.

found growing wild in America during the colonial period

these grapes were found to have extremely high acidity and a characteristic flavor component that, while pleasant in fresh grapes, is generally undesirable in wine (termed “foxy”).

Question 4

Advantage that North American grapes have over vinifera, with description of the issue (place and date)

What did not work for spreading this advantage, and what did, and terms for plant parts involved (2)

North American variety most used for this practice

3 others alsoused

Answer 4

their natural resistance to the aphid-like insect phylloxera, which ravaged European vineyards in the nineteenth century and continues to wreak havoc worldwide.

breeding vinifera with native North American vines to create phylloxera-resistant hybrid wine grapes did not work. Grafting the vinifera part of the vine (the scion) onto the trunk (rootstock) of North American achieved a phylloxera-resistant plant.

Vitis labrusca

Vitis riparia
Vitis aestivalis
Vitis rupestris.

Question 5

Define “species,” with 3 components

Two examples

Answer 5

A species is a scientific grouping of plants or animals that are

1) genetically similar
2) have broad characteristics in common
3) can produce viable offspring through sexual reproduction.

Vinifera
labrusca.

Question 6

AKA for “variety”

What variety means in winemaking

Examples (2 for 1)

Answer 6

subspecies

an identifiable group of vines of the same species that share many characteristics of appearance, flavor, and growth.

Chardonnay and Syrah are varieties of vinifera.

Question 7

How almost all grape varieties are propagated commercially

What clones are techinically
What they mean in winemaking

How clones occur

What happens if the a desirable clone shows a consistent distinction from the parent

Answer 7

asexually

Technically, clones are asexually propagated plants that are identical to the parent plants.
In winemaking, “clone” means grapes that are slightly different from their parent.

asexually reproduced grapevines are planted in new surroundings and slight genetic variations occur as the plant modifies itself to adapt to its new conditions.

It may be determined to be a new clone and be assigned a new name or, in some cases, a new number.

Question 8

Define “mutation”

Nature of mutation

Example (2 from 1)

Answer 8

A variation from the parent that occurs through imperfect reproduction of cells as it grows.

natural but slow

Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris, are considered mutant strains of Pinot Noir.

Question 9

Define cross/crossing, with example

Define hybrid, with example

Answer 9

Cross: offspring of sexual reproduction between different subspecies within the same species. Ex: Cabernet Sauvignon, a cross between Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc. H

Hybrid: the result of sexual reproduction between two closely related but different species, such as Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca.

Question 10

Why hybrids were developed

Two problems with hybrid grapes that make them not universally accepted for wine production

Note about hybrid fertility and propagation

3 well known and liked hyrbid varieties

Answer 10

to create a grape that could withstand the ravages of powdery mildew, phylloxera, cold weather, humidity, or other such challenges.

1) They struggle to develop adequate levels of tannin
2) can be exceedingly acidic.

They are normally not fertile, but they may still be propagated indefinitely through cuttings.

Seyval Blanc
Vidal Blanc
Baco Noir

Question 11

Example of an indigenous species of wine that is widely grown but not well known globally, and where it is grown and how used

Two varieties that became globally famous but originated in Bordeaux
Same, for Burgundy

Answer 11

Airen, primarily grown in central Spain and often distilled into brandy.

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot

Pinot Noir
Chardonnay

Question 12

Example of a wine that is globally famous because it grows well in almost all regions

4 other examples of same

Answer 12

Cabernet Sauvignon

Sauvignon Blank
Chardonnary
Merlot
Malbec

Question 13

3 terms used to describe grapes that are grown primarily in one area, either because of lack of interest or because they do not do well when grown elsewhere.

Define Autochtonous

3 features of grapes described by the 3 terms above

Answer 13

Tradition
Native
Indigenous

Refers to indigenous grapes that are the result of natural cross-breeding or mutation in a specific area

1—Grown primary in one place
2—have a long history in the area
3—have adjusted well to their local conditions

Question 14

Note about traditional/ native/ indigenous grapes and replicability

Example of such a grape, with where it is grown.

Answer 14

They are thought to reach their highest quality under specific conditions that may be impossible to duplicate elsewhere

Nebbiolo, grown in northwestern Italy

Question 15

6 international white grape varieties

Answer 15

Chardonnay
Chenin Blanc
Muscat
Pinot Grigio/Pinto Gris
Riesling
Sauvignon Blanc

Question 16

Honor held by Chardonnay grape

Where it is grown

Two features that make it especially popular

Answer 16

It is the world’s most popular white grape variety with wide consumer recognition

Almost everywhere in the new world, and making inroads in Europe

1—relatively easy to grow
2—no standout flavors or aromas that may be considered an acquired taste”

Question 17

To where Chardonnay is thought to be indigenous, and of how some people think it reaches its highest expression

Another place where Chardonnay is especially important, and why

Describe Chardonnay grown in cooler climates

Describe Chardonnay grown in warmer climates, with 2 specific areas and a descriptive term

Answer 17

Burgundy; some feel it’s at its finest when grown in that area’s limestone soils.

Champagne, used in its sparkling wine

When grown in cooler climates, produces wines similar to its place or origin

When grown in warmer climates, such as California or Australia, it tends to produce less acidic and fuller- bodied wines known as “California Style.”

Question 18

Flavor, alcohol and body of Chardonnay grown in warmer climates

Flavors, acidity and body of Chardonnay grown in cooler climates

Answer 18

Ripe, tropical fruit flavors with high alcohol and stronger body

Citrus and green fruit aromas with crisp acidity and light to medium body

Question 19

Note about sugar use in Chardonnay, with two purposes and where often utilized

Note about Chardonnays and aging, with specific example

Answer 19

Rarely made into a truly sweet wine, but minimally detectable amounts may be retained to round out the body and keep ETOH level down, esp in New World wines.

This grape often improves with age, esp with barrel aged, which continue to improve in the bottle. Some top flight white Burgundies can evolve to more complexity and flavor for a decade or more

Question 20

3 well known examples of Chardonnay

3 top producing countries for Chardonnay

Answer 20

White Burgundy
Champagne
“California Style” new world versions

France
US
Australia

Question 21

Typical acidity of Chardonnay

Typical alcohol of Chardonnay

Answer 21

Acidity: medium to high

ETOH: medium to high

Question 22

3 characteristic aromas of cool climate Chardonnays

1 characteristic aroma of warm climate Chardonnay

1 characteristic aroma of malolactic fermented Chardonnay

3 characteristic aromas of oak-aged Chardonnay

Answer 22

Green apple
Melon
Pear

Tropical fruit

Butter

Vanilla
Butterscotch
Toast

Question 23

Special feature of Chenin Blanc variety, with example

Well known feature of Chenin Blanc, and under what circumstance, and how it is utilized

Answer 23

One of the most versatile grape varieties, capable of making world-class wines of all sweetness levels, from dry to sweet, in still or sparkling versions.

Known for high acidity, esp when grown in cool-climate vineyards, making it ideal for sparkling wines.

Question 24

Note about use of sugar in Chenin Blanc wines, with particular descriptor

How long the product can last

Where is considered the home of Chenin Blanc

Answer 24

A small amount of sugar may be left to take the edge of their acidity, but more sugar can result in superb late-harvest dessert wines, sometimes with botrytis influence.

These can last for decades

Loire Valley

Question 25

Two areas other that its home in the Loire Valley where Chenin Blanc is grown What it is called in the first region mentioned Note about popularity of this variety in the first mentioned region (2)

Answer 25

South Africa Calfornia’s Central Valley Steen It is the most widely planted grape variety in Africa at 18% of all plantings. There is twice as much Chenin Blanc grown in South African than in France.

Question 26

3 well known examples of Chenin Blanc Top-producing countries for Chenin Blanc

Answer 26

Vouvray Savennieres Saumur South Africa France United States

Question 27

7 characteristic aromas of Chenin Blanc 2 characteristic aromas of aged Chenin Blanc

Answer 27

``` Green apple Melon Green plum Citrus blossom Earth Mineral Wet wool ``` Honey Quince

Question 28

General acidity of Chenin Blanc General alcohol of Chenin Blanc

Answer 28

Acidity: medium-plus to high ETOH: medium to high

Question 29

Note about age and prevalence of muscat What is primarily used for and how this influences popularity (statistic) Note about other kind of wine it makes

Answer 29

It’s ancient grape variety carried in almost every wine region of the world. Producing sweet wines; quality of sweet wines has increased its popularity, incl double digit grown in US Almost makes good dry wines but these are less well known

Question 30

3 popular Muscat varieties, a result of multiple mutations this vine has undergone, with the highest quality one first Aromas all Muscats share (2) Climate Muscat does best in, with one exception

Answer 30

Muscat Blac a Petit Grains (white Muscat with small berries) Muscat of Alexandria Muscat Ottonel 1) floral 2) fresh white grape Most do well in warm to hot weather, but Ottonel does well in cool climates

Question 31

3 well known dessert Muscats with countries of origin Most well known/ popular dessert Muscat, with country of origin and characteristics of the wine

Answer 31

Vins doux naturels from Southern France Rutherglen Muscats from Australia Moscatels from southern Spain Moscato d’Asti from northwestern Italy; slightly sparkling, moderately sweet.

Question 32

3 well known examples of Muscats | 4 top producing countries of Muscats

Answer 32

Southern France Northern Italy Australia Italy France Chile Australia

Question 33

6 characteristic aromas of Muscats

Answer 33

``` Musk Honey Orange blossom Floral Apricot Table grapes ```

Question 34

Typical Muscat acidity Typical Muscat alcohol

Answer 34

Low to medium Medium to high

Question 35

What Pino Gris means in French and Pinot Grigio means in Italian, and why it’s called that What these are mutations of, and where they developed, and how they moved Note about difference despite being the same type grape

Answer 35

“Gray Pinot,” in reference to grape’s dusky or light pink skin Pino Noir from from Burgundy, then moved to Italy While Pinot Gris and Pinot Grigio are technically synonymous, each is associated with a particular variety of wine

Question 36

Where characteristic Pinot Gris was originally grown Another place where it is successfully grown, and when it was introduced Climate type where it is grown Another country where similar style of wine is made, with the name of the grape (2)

Answer 36

Alsace region of France Oregon, introduced in the 1960s Cool Germany Rulander or Grauburgunder

Question 37

Pinto Gris: Acidity Body Aroma type associated, with 3 specifics Sugar

Answer 37

Acidity: medium-plus Body: medium to full Aroma: neutral, incl apple, pear, and almond Sometimes a moderate amount of residual sugar

Question 38

Why Pinot Grigio is more recognizable to most people than Pinot Gris Three places where popularity led to new or increased plantings

Answer 38

It became a popular alternative to Chardonnay after being introduced to US market from northeastern Italy in the late 1970s California Australia Italy

Question 39

Difference in character b/w warmer-region Pinot Grigios grown in US and Australia vs those grown in cooler region of Italy Two specific cool Italian regions where Pinot Grigio is grown Describe normal characteristics of wine labeled Pinot Grigio (3), with an exception to the norm (2)

Answer 39

Those from warmer regions display medium-minus acidity and higher ETOH content vs those grown in cooler regions Alto Adige Veneto Dry, neutral and unoaked; some can be aromatic and lees-aged

Question 40

3 well known examples of Pinot Grigio/Pinot Gris | 5 top producing countries for Grigio/Gris

Answer 40

Northeastern Italy Alsace Oregon ``` Italy US Germany France Australia ```

Question 41

6 characteristic aromas of Pinto Gris/Grigio Typical Gris/Grigio acidity Typical ETOH

Answer 41

``` Apple Lemon Melon Peach Minerals Almond ``` Low to high Medium

Question 42

To where riesling is indigenous Note about climate and location for riesling Note about characteristic aroma and how it changes Another aroma that makes it easy to identify

Answer 42

Germany It can withstand cold weather and thus works well in German and in regions with other marginal climates Floral bouquet changes with region of growth and reflects particular terroirs Petrol

Question 43

Note about Riesling and sweetness Note about dryness and popularity Dryness of many commercial rieslings Note about alcohol, with example Another thing riesling can produce, and from what (2)

Answer 43

Riesling wines cover the full spectrum of sweetness levels. In recent years, dry Rieslings have become more common Commercial Rieslings are often made in the off-dry or medium-sweet range. Often have low levels of alcohol (7% or 8% abv (alcohol by volume)). Produces luscious dessert wines from late-harvest or botrytis-affected grapes.

Question 44

Note about Riesling acidity, with note about its tenacity How acidity is often balanced, and benefit of this AND acid What above factor means for Riesling Note about Rieslings and oak aging

Answer 44

Has naturally high acidity that grape retains even at increasing levels of ripeness With some residual sugar. Both acid and sugar have a preservative effect. Rieslings are among the most long-lived of white wines, both in the bottle and after opening. Oak aging in Rieslings is rare.

Question 45

Note about use of term “Riesling” in labeling wines Example of true and not true Riesling in US

Answer 45

Globally there are some grapes that use Riesling as part of their name, but many of these are unrelated to true Riesling. White Riesling is the only synonym for true Riesling in US while Missouri Riesling is an indigenous American grape and a completely different variety.

Question 46

4 well known Riesling terroirs from German 1 well known Riesling terroir from France 2 well know Riesling terroir from Australia

Answer 46

Mosel Rheingau Rheinhessen Pfalz Alsace in France Clare and Eden Valleys in Australia

Question 47

2 well know Riesling terroirs from from the US 4 top producing Riesling countries

Answer 47

Finger Lakes in New York Washington State Germany Australia France United States

Question 48

Two factors that affect characteristic aromas of Riesling 7 characteristic aromas of Riesling

Answer 48

Ripeness and bottle age ``` lime peach nectarine apricot honeysuckle wet stone petrol/ kerosene ```

Question 49

Characteristic aroma of well-aged Riesling Typical acidity of Riesling Alcohol range for Riesling

Answer 49

baking spices Acidity: high to very high Alcohol: very low to high

Question 50

Two where Sauvignon Blanc is native Two particular regions known for it there Kinds of climate where Sauvignon Blanc flourishes Note about Sauvignon Blanc response to different terroirs

Answer 50

France Loire Valley Bordeaux Cooler climates Sauvignon Blanc acts as a true barometer of soil, site, and viticultural practices and can produce many different styles of wine, depending on where it is grown and how it is handled in the winery.

Question 51

Country (not France) for which Sauvignon Blanc has. Particular affinity Describe characteristic aromas of Sauvignon Blanc from this region (2) When Sauvignon Blancs from this region became popular

Answer 51

Sauvignon Blanc has a particular affinity for New Zealand 1) Herbal 2) fruit-forward grapefruit and tropical fruit 1980s

Question 52

How Sauvignon is usually aged in Bordeaux Another kind of Sauvignon Blanc, and where and when it was created, and when. What he called it, and note about legality of term

Answer 52

in older oak A more pronounced style of oaked Sauvignon Blanc, created by California winemaker Robert Mondavi in the 1960s. “Fumé Blanc”; in the United States, Fumé Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc are used interchangeably.

Question 53

Typical acidity and sweetness of table wine Sauvignon Blanc Practice done in response to Sauvignon Blanc acidity, with example (type and where) Another use for Sauvignon Blanc in Bordeaux, with example

Answer 53

Quite high in acidity Almost always dry. Due to its naturally high acidity, the juice of these grapes is often blended with that of low-acid grapes, such as Sémillon, as is done in Bordeaux. Used for classic sweet dessert wines, including Sauternes.

Question 54

5 well known examples of Sauvignon Blancs 5 top producing countries of Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 54

``` Sancerre Pouilly-Fumé white Bordeaux Fumé Blanc New Zealand ``` ``` France New Zealand Chile United States South Africa ```

Question 55

4 characteristic aromas of cool climate Sauvignon Blancs 2 characteristic aromas of warm climate Sauvignon Blancs 1 characteristic aromas of Loire Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 55

grass hay grapefruit green pepper asparagus melon flint

Question 56

Characteristic aroma of New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc 2 characteristic aromas of oak-aged Sauvignon Blanc Acidity range of Sauvignon Blanc Typical ETOH for Sauvignon Blanc

Answer 56

gooseberry toast smoke Acidity: medium-plus to high Alcohol: medium

Question 57

5 additional important white grape varieties

Answer 57

``` Semillon Viognier Pinto Blanc Trebbiano Gewurztraminer ```

Question 58

How Semillon is most often utilized (and how not) How it’s paired in Bordeaux and Bordeaux-inspired wines How it’s paired in Australia Region and nation known for producing 100% varietal wines from Semillon

Answer 58

As a blending partner rather than a stand-alone varietal. Sauvignon Blanc Chardonnay The Hunter Valley in Australia

Question 59

Character Semillon has on its own on the palate Three general aroma types assoc w/ Semillon with 2-3 examples for each How Semillon tastes when underripe, and type of wine it resembles

Answer 59

A waxy or oily character ``` 1) Citrus: lemon, yellow grapefruit 2) Flowers: honeysuckle, lemon blossom 3) Tree fruit: peach, pear, or green apple ``` Herbal notes reminiscent of Sauvignon Blanc.

Question 60

Area to which Viognier was considered indigenous until recently, when it started to be grown more widely 4 places it’s been grown outside of that area since the mid-1980s

Answer 60

Northern Rhône Valley in France Australia, California South America Texas East Coast of the United States.

Question 61

Which state wine board recently declared Viognier the state’s signature grape variety? Note about Viognier body/texture 3 aromas assoc with Viognier

Answer 61

Virginia Wine Board declared Viognier to be the state’s signature grape variety. Has a rich, viscous, full-bodied heft flowers peach tangerine.

Question 62

Describe lineage of Pinto Blanc While grown globally, name three main places where majority is grown, and what it’s called in each Are that Pinto Blanc is the “main grape”

Answer 62

It’s a descendant of Pinot Noir, having mutated from Pinot Gris. 1) Italy: called Pinot Bianco 2) Germany and Austria: called Weissburgunder. Alsace.

Question 63

Variety Pinot Blanc is similar to and can be difficult to tell apart from How Pinot Blanc differs from that variety

Answer 63

Pinot Gris Pinto Blanc is generally lighter on the palate and more exotic in its aromas than Pinot Gris.

Question 64

General character of Trebbiano Nation with which Trebbiano is most often associated, and how it’s used there (2) What Trebbiano is called in France, and how it is used there

Answer 64

Neutral Italy, where it is used for white wines as well as for commercial balsamic vinegar. Ugni Blanc, used for the production of brandy, including cognac

Question 65

Additional important white wine variety of Argentina And of Austria (1) And of France (3)

Answer 65

Argentina: Torrontés Austria: Grüner Veltliner France: Aligoté Marsanne Roussanne

Question 66

2 additional import white grape varieties of Germany And from Greece (3) And from Hungary

Answer 66

Germay: Müller-Thurgau Silvaner Greece: Assyrtiko Moschofilero Rhoditis Hungary: Furmint

Question 67

6 important white wine varieties of Italy

Answer 67

``` Italy: Cortese Garganega Glera Verdicchio Vermentino Vernaccia ```

Question 68

4 additional important white wine varieties from Portugal And of Switzerland (1)

Answer 68

``` Portugal: Alvarinho Arinto Fernão Pires Loureiro ``` Switzerland: Chasselas

Question 69

8 important additional white wine grape varieties from Spain

Answer 69

``` Spain: Albariño Godello Macabeo/ Viura Palomino Parellada Pedro Ximénez Verdejo Xarel-lo ```

Question 70

Range or color or red wine grapes (range) 6 most important red grape varieties

Answer 70

bluish to garnet to coal ``` Cabernet Franc Cabernet Sauvignon Grenache Merlot Pinot Noir Syrah/Shiraz ```

Question 71

How Cabernet Franc is best known (how used) What famous variety was Cabernet crossed with, and what famous variety was produced with this crossing? Where is Cabernet Franc often bottled as a varietal wine (despite varietal bottling of this wine being uncommon), and why

Answer 71

As the blending partner of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in the famous reds of Bordeaux and similar blends produced elsewhere. Cabernet Franc + Sauvignon Blanc=Cabernet Sauvignon In some cooler regions that have trouble ripening Cabernet Sauvignon.

Question 72

First area, with two sub-regions, where wines dominated by Cabernet Franc is produced Second area (country with two areas) that does the same Another way these areas use Cabernet Franc

Answer 72

France’s Loire Valley; Chinon and Bourgueil United States: some parts of California and the eastern United States For rosé wines as well.

Question 73

5 well known Cabernet Franc-producing regions 3 top producing countries for Cabernet Franc

Answer 73

``` Bordeaux Loire Valley northeast Italy New York State California ``` France Italy United States

Question 74

6 characteristic aromas of Cabernet Franc grow in COOL climate

Answer 74

``` cranberry strawberry tobacco mushroom bell pepper tea ```

Question 75

Two characteristic aromas of Cabernet Franc grown n WARM climates Acidity range for Cabernet Franc Tannin range for Cabernet Franc

Answer 75

raspberry violet Acidity: medium to high Tannin: light to medium

Question 76

4 features that make Cabernet Sauvignon one of the most respected and widely grown varieties To what these features can be attributed, and how it is even further bolstered

Answer 76

1) consistency 2) reliability 3) depth of flavor 4) its ability to develop complex flavors over a long, graceful aging period. High tannin levels, bolstered even further by maturation in new oak barrels.

Question 77

Where Cabernet Sauvignon originated, and how it’s used there Note about Cabernet Sauvignon and its role in fine wine, including era Note about Cabernet adapts to different regions

Answer 77

Bordeaux, for blended red wines Bordeaux wines made from a majority of Cabernet Sauvignon came to be recognized as some of the best wines of France, and therefore of the world, in the mid-nineteenth century. It thrives in a variety of growing conditions

Question 78

What is the most widely planted quality wine grape in the world?

Answer 78

Cabernet Sauvignon

Question 79

Regions in which Cabernet Sauvignon does not grow well, and why What Cabernet Sauvignon requires to fully ripen, and where it does well as a result, with example How wines from that example region differ from Bordeaux because of warmer growing conditions and “different winemaking priorities” (3)

Answer 79

In areas with early winters, because Cabernet Sauvignon is a late-blooming vine Sufficient heat and sun exposure to fully ripen. Does well in regions much hotter than Bordeaux, and is a leading variety in California’s Napa Valley. 1) higher in alcohol 2) lower in acidity 3) more fruit-forward than the typical Bordeaux.

Question 80

Note about prevalence of Cabernet Sauvignon Style of those, with 3 features

Answer 80

Almost all of the major New World wine regions include Cabernet Sauvignon in their repertoire. Most are in the same style as Napa’s: fruit-forward, alcoholic, and powerful.

Question 81

Two ways Cabernet Sauvignon can be used, with example for 2nd What Cabernet Sauvignon is often blended with in Australia

Answer 81

1) bottled as a varietal wine 2) blended with Merlot or Cabernet Franc, as in Bordeaux. Shiraz.

Question 82

2 well known examples (regions) of Cabernet Sauvignon 4 top-producing countries with Cabernet Sauvignon

Answer 82

red Bordeaux Napa Valley France Chile United States Australia

Question 83

5 characteristic aromas of cool climate Cabernet Sauvignon 4 characteristic aromas of Cabernet aged in new oak

Answer 83

``` black currant black cherry eucalyptus mint bell pepper ``` dark chocolate cedar vanilla tobacco

Question 84

3 characteristic aromas of Cabernet Sauvignon that is well aged Acidity range for Cabernet Sauvignon Tannin level Alcohol level

Answer 84

coffee caramel cigar box Acidity: medium to high Tannin: high Alcohol: high

Question 85

How Grenache is not often used How it often is used, with example 3 things that Grenache can add

Answer 85

As a single varietal wine. In blends such as G-S-M (Grenache-Syrah-Mourvèdre) color acidity complexity.

Question 86

Climate in which Grenache thrives, and what results from that climate. 2 place where Grenache was found earliest (area of true origin unknown), and what it was called there

Answer 86

In hot, dry conditions; develops considerable sugar and, therefore, high alcohol. Spain: Grenacha Italian Island of Sardinia: Cannonau

Question 87

Where Grenache grows in abundance 3 additional places where it was grown, with how it is used in first

Answer 87

South of France Australia, where it is made into both varietal wines and blends California Washington State.

Question 88

What “old vine” Grenache is highly prized for Two specific ways it may be used What Grenache is vulnerable to, and what it results in

Answer 88

Old-vine Grenache is highly prized for its concentration of flavor. Rosés Sweet fortified wines. They tend to oxidize quickly, picking up a salmon or somewhat orange tinge as well as a rusticity noticeable in the wine’s aroma or bouquet.

Question 89

5 well known example regions of Grenache 2 top producing countries with Grenache

Answer 89

``` southern Rhône Priorat Rioja Navarra Australia ``` France Spain

Question 90

5 characteristic aromas of Grenache Acidity range of Grenache Tannin Alcohol level

Answer 90

``` strawberry sour cherry flowers black pepper cranberry ``` Acidity: low to medium Tannin: low to medium Alcohol: high

Question 91

Variety Merlot resembles in style and aroma But, how does Merlot differ in tannin, ETOH, and flavor Where Merlot was first noticed as a distinct variety, and how it’s often used there Where Merlot is often the majority of the blend

Answer 91

Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot is less tannic, less alcoholic Bordeaux, normally blended with Sauvignon Blanc in Bordeaux reds. On the Right Bank

Question 92

Why Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon complement each other How they benefit each other viticulturally Note about Merlot popularity

Answer 92

Their aromas are similar but not identical, giving the combination a much richer array of flavors. Merlot ripens early and Cabernet ripens late, thus mitigating the risk of damage from extreme weather at either end of the growing season. Merlot is one of the most popular red wines among consumers and is successfully grown in almost every wine-producing country in the world.

Question 93

Two well known examples (regions) for Merlot Top 5 top producing countries for Merlot

Answer 93

Bordeaux many New World examples ``` France United States Spain Italy Chile ```

Question 94

6 characteristic flavors for Merlot Typical Merlot acidity level Typical Merlot tannin level Merlot ETOH range

Answer 94

``` blueberry plum black cherry mint coffee chocolate ``` Acidity: medium Tannin: medium Alcohol: medium to high

Question 95

Where Pinot Noir is thought to be native to, and where many wine lovers consider Pinot Noir to be most perfectly produced Note about Pinot Noir and climate, and what this has resulted in 3 of these places that have had greatest success

Answer 95

Burgundy, France It is able to thrive and ripen in cool climates, and for this reason, every cool-climate wine region in the New World has at least experimented with Pinot Noir. Oregon New Zealand the cooler regions of California

Question 96

Another benefit of Pinot Noir’s performance in cool climates, and how a substantial proportion of Pinot Noir is used globally Note about Pinot Noir in France (regions) Note about popularity in Germany, and what it’s called there Why is it popular in Germany?

Answer 96

Often used in sparkling wines. More Pinot Noir is planted in the Champagne region than in Burgundy. It is the most widely grown red variety in Germany, where it’s called Spätburgunder It’s affinity for cool climate

Question 97

Describe Merlot: Tannin Acidity Color

Answer 97

Tannin: low to moderate Acidity: high Color: pale to medium color

Question 98

3 characteristic aromas of Pinot Noir when newer General description of how Pinto Noir tastes as it matures (2) 3 specific aromas of mature Pinot Noir

Answer 98

berry (raspberries, strawberries) cherry red flowers Forest floor leather mushroom

Question 99

Note about Pinot Noir and mutation 3 examples

Answer 99

It is genetically unstable and highly prone to mutation Pinot Gris Pinot Blanc Pinot Meunier

Question 100

Well known Pinot Noir examples (5 regions) 3 top producing countries for Pinot Noir

Answer 100

``` Burgundy Champagne New Zealand Oregon California ``` France United States Germany

Question 101

8 characteristic aromas of Pinot Noir

Answer 101

``` Cherry Raspberry Strawberry Earth Violet Lilac Sandalwood Mushroom ```

Question 102

Pinot Noir acidity range Pinot Noir tannin range Pinot Noir alcohol level

Answer 102

Medium to high Low to medium Medium

Question 103

Where Syrah is particularly well known General place where Syrah is known as Shiraz, with two specific countries Where Shiraz is the leading red grape 4 places where Shiraz is gaining popularity

Answer 103

Southern France In the New World, specifically Australia and South Africa Australia California’s central coast Washington state South Africa Argentina

Question 104

Describe Syrah/Shiraz single varietal wine, and what it rivals, and how One wine style for which it is used Two varieties with which Syrah is blended in southern France, and famous wine produced from this blending

Answer 104

Inky, dark-flavored and tannic, with some rivaling Cabernet Sauvignon in price and reputation For dry, full-bodied roses with bright flavors Grenache Mourvedre Chateauneuf-du-Pape

Question 105

Two blends using Syrah in Australia

Answer 105

Grenache-Syrah-Mourvedre Syrah-Cabernet Sauvignon

Question 106

Three well known examples of Syrah/Shiraz (regions) Three top producing countries for Syrah/Shiraz

Answer 106

Rhone Valley Australia Paso Robles France Australia United States

Question 107

11 characteristic aromas of Syrah/Shiraz

Answer 107

``` Blackberry Tar Leather Anise Rosemary Black pepper Smoke Lavender Forest floor Earth Dried fruit ```

Question 108

Characteristic aroma of well aged Syrah/Shiraz (1) Syrah/Shiraz acidity range Tannin level Alcohol level

Answer 108

Smoked meaths Low to medium High High

Question 109

6 other important red wine varieties

Answer 109

``` Zinfandel Sangiovese Nebbiolo Tempranillo Malbec Gamay ```