Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography Y12 > Viticulture - Global > Flashcards

Viticulture - Global Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nature of Viticulture (8)

A
  • Traditionally family owned
  • Primary production
  • Technologically sophisticated
  • Labour intensive (Old World)
  • Lifestyle beverage
  • Long term break
  • Capital intensive
  • Fragmented Industry (Not continuous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Elements of Old World Viticulture

A
  • European (Spain, Italy, France, Portugal)
  • Cooler climate 50 N
  • labour intensive practices
  • corks
  • traditional and expensive
  • fermentation temperatures are higher
  • Values the terroir (the distinct biophysical factors of a region that provide irreplaceable quality connection of soil, climate and knowledge
  • more casual drinking
  • Earthy flavors

White - more mineral flavors and are steelier taste due to higher fermentation temperatures

Reds - more tannin and earthy flavours due to extensive maceration - skin pressing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elements of the New World Viticulture

A
  • Chile, Australia, NZ, Argentina, USA
  • Higher level of technology (automation of the industrial line)
  • Emphasis on clean fruity wine
  • Cheaper than Old World
  • more open to new wine technology and new styles e.g. stelvin screw cap, canned wine
  • More experimental variety e.g. Tinkled Pink, Hunter Blue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Spatial patterns of Viticulture

A

Where: 30-50 N/S
Mediterranean Climate
10 - 20 degrees
750mm rainfall per year

Old world - Europe
New World - Chile, Australia, USA, NZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does spatial distribution influence old and new world viticulture

A

Old World - near the cooler 50 N latitude
Cooler climatic conditions

New World - 30 N/S latitudes in Australia, California, South Africa , Chile
warmer and dryer climatic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the ideal condition of grape growing (7)

A
  • moist springs
  • low frost levels
  • dry summers
  • 750mm/ 1250mm
  • long sun exposure
  • 5% slop (undulating topography)
  • low frost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the future directions of viticulture in the Old World (6)

A
  • decrease old wine consumption (wine glut)/ economic
  • increase trade with China
  • sociocultural - targeting younger age markets
  • climate change, impacts vintage times, and shifting vineyards south as temperatures increase
  • Ecological - more sustainable, organic wines
  • Technological - Automated production line, E-commerce, on traditional types of wine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the global-wine glut

A

By 2017 the global wine industry was worth over $300 billion and is projected to rise to $424 billion by 2023.

This trend was largely due to the drastic economic shift in the global wine market following the 2008 global Financial Crisis, resulting in a global wine glut.

This crisis led to a decrease demand for high priced Old World premium wines as there were cheaper new World wine alternatives, causing the Old World’s market to experience a deep financial down turn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the future directions of viticulture (China)

A
  • Shifting Chinese persecution of Western culture and shifting pallets has led China to create the largest demand in wine
  • Chinese perception of Western-culture as prestigious which led many Old World wineries to invest in previously shunned research and development
  • Growth of China and Australia’s wine industry and trade due to opening of free trade and Brexit
  • China most dramatic increase in demand from 30, 000 to 640 million bottles since 1980s
  • ## New World strategies shifting their marketing to accommodate the Chinese market e.g. Lafite created a unique 2008 vintage by placing the Chinese character for the number 8 on the bottle. 8 is a number which symbolizes prosperity, fortune and high social status. –> sales increased exponentially with bidding peaking up to excess of $14000/ bottle, making Lafite one of the top wine brands in the chinese market
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the future directions - sociocultural

A
  • greater demand for premium wine: Burdeaux region prices continue to rise due to new affluent Asian markets - 8 symbol by Lafiet in 2008
  • Growing of an affluent middle-class (630 million people, 75% of the urban population by 2022 has allowed for the establishment of a stable wine culture within Australia. Hence wineries are targeting this younger demographic, developing fruitier ans sweeter wine varieties e.g Tinkled Pink, 19 Crimes for male millennials
    increase in more affordable wine brands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the future directions of Viticulture - Economic

A
  • Decreased consumption - over saturation/ wine glut from GFC in Europe leading to vine pulling in Old World - (however Europe/ Old world still accounts for 60% of global consumption)
  • New Markets - China consumption increased to 1 bottle pp
  • Chinese Production - increasing by 20000 ha/year
  • increase consumption during lock down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the future directions of viticulture - biophysical

A
  • Climate Change - weather events are predicted to become more intense and inconsistent and frequent resulting in earlier harvests and dormancy disrupted
  • Shifting South - GIS systems indicating a greater suitability in Southern areas due to changing climate e.g. Tasmania
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the future directions of viticulture - Ecological

A
  • Sustainability - minimizing the environmental impact of grape growing has become an increasingly important value of customers = companion planting/ cover crops
  • Organic Wines - push for organic production therefore less sprays = ‘duck patrol’ in Avondale eating snails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the future directions of viticulture - technological

A
  • Automation - increased use in vineyards and wineries to reduce labour. Stelvin cap reduce corking to 0% = economies of scale for agri-businesses
  • E-commerce - due to COVID and adoption of the internet e-commerce enables a greater range of customers and easier display of wines
  • Shift away from traditional wine forms (mostly New World), such as unique invention e.g. wine in a can
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does biophysical elements impact the nature, spatial distribution and future directions

A
  • climate
  • soils
  • topography
  • site
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does climate impact the nature, spatial distribution and future directions

A
  • temperature, rainfall and the number of sunny days determines the length of the growing season for grapes and the quality of harvest/ product
  • ideal climate = long, dry, hot summers (for ripening) and cool, moist winters. Frost-free days during buddling to reduce impact of mildew
  • ## Temperatures influence the type of wine produced and the sugar content of the grape ( cool = light and dry wines)(cool to warm temp = full bodied red and white)(high temperature causes problems if for long periods)
17
Q

how does soil (biophysical) impact the nature, spatial distributing and future directions

A
  • nature of soil depends upon the parent material and the process of weathering
  • if the soils are rich in nutrients then the vine will put too much of its energy into leaf growth while the farmer is interested in grape growth (it will decrease the quality of product)
  • the soil has to be deep enough to properly develop the vines root system. Plant growth is also influenced by the soils temper and moisture content(- Waterlogged soils and those with high salinity levels damage root systems and are associated with low yields)
18
Q

how does the local site impact the nature, spatial distributing and future and direction

A
  • each local site will have its own unique factors influencing wine production e.g. pest and disease
  • the level of disease and pests in influenced by climate, the hotter and wetter generally the more disease and pests there will be e.g. mildew is found when rainfall is high in the growing season
19
Q

how does the topography (biophysical) impact the nature, spatial distribution and future and direction

A

inclination - flat - 30 degrees (optimal 5%) flat is the easiest to operate but steeper with contour banks to retain moisture and slow down erosion can also be used

Aspect - the direction is which the slop is facing will determine how much sun the plant is exposed to which influences the growth rate and quality of the fruit

Elevation - temperature falls 1 degree with every 200m of altitude thus influences the amount of plant growth

20
Q

What are the environmental impacts of viticulture - Negative (4)

A

Land clearing, monoculture and loss of biodiversity
- removes all biodiversity to plant in rows
- removal of keystone species
- malnourishes soil and increase vulnerability of ecosystem - narrows gene pool

CO2 emissions
Contributes to climate change with the use of fertilizer, pesticides, land clearing is responsible for 20% of all green gas emissions. Also the mechanization of the wine production.

  • Pollution (ground water contamination, eutrophication)
    Runoff containing chemicals pollute water ways, increasing nitrogen and phosphorus in the water which increase algae bloom and lowers oxygen levels, limiting the capacity for plants and aquatic fish
    Eutrophication = excessive nutrients in lakes and rivers

Resource Depletion
- 1200mm water
- land and soil land

21
Q

Case study of resource depletion

A

Wastewater spill woodbridge Winery (California)
They discharged waster waste into the Mokelumne River and reportedly spilled more than 5 million gallons into the river. This water was high in organic matter, high in salts and can be high in nitrogen which is harmful to marine life and domestic use.

22
Q

How has viticulture impacted the environment (positive) (4)

A

Technology
The Vine Water Stress app has thermal imaging technology which helps grower reduce water costs and optimise vineyards. The app is aimed to help regulate yields and monitor vineyard intake

Move to Organic Viticulture
Sustainable movement has increased organic vineyards and use of organic processes
- 30 organic farms in Australia
- “Tank 80” in Blacksburg
- “Duck Patrol” in Avondale
- 800 solar panels DFW

Move to limit agrichemicals
-European vineyards adding buffer zones and tunnel sprayers to reduce runoff
- cow horns in Reneke to create fertiliser

Irrigation monitoring and scheduling
- Drip irrigation at Drayton’s
- Partial root drying: one side water the other stressed to conserve water

23
Q

Impact of viticulture on social (positive) (3)

A

Employment
- due to the increasing scientific and industrial aspects of the wine industry line more innovative and responsive workforce is required (university educated)
- e.g. Farm hands, Science technical officer, sale assistants
- Californian wine industry employs
786 000 Americans

Adoption of Wine education and wine drinking as a hobby
- wine tasting has become a lifestyle
- wine tours including wine festivals such as Jazz in the Vines
- wine clubs

Cultural Integration
- increase global communication and trade has led to the cultural integration of European/ western wine culture in countries such as China and Russia
- Winemakers are exporting their countries “culture in a bottle” around the world - China more influenced by ‘westernization’ particularly in the lifestyle of younger consumers and wester taste pallet

24
Q

Impact of Viticulture on social (negative)

A

Health Impacts - binge drinking
Binge drinking = drinking a lot of alcohol in one session with the aim of getting drunk
- As alcohol has become integrated and very accepted/ normalized in society individuals don’t realize the negative effects
- Younger people drink large quantities in special events
- 1 in 3 Australian adults deink enough alcohol to put them at risk of disease or injury
- Australians consumer more than 500 cans each year
- 3 drinks a week increases the cancer of breast cancer by 15%
- Breast cancer fatalities would drop 10% if we all stopped drinking

Effects of binge drinking
- Vomiting
- having unprotected sex –> STI
- risk of addiction
- brain and liver damage –> increased risk of cancer
- FASD - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

25
Q

What is considered risky drinking

A
  • 1.4 standard drinks/day
  • Female = 7+/wk
  • Male = 15+/ wk
26
Q

Impact of viticulture on economic (positive) (3)

A

Global and National economies
For wine producing countries they generate revenue from both exports and domestic sales, employment and taxation. Wine has high value do to its capital and labor intensive nature
- Australian wine export = $2.3 billion in 2016
- France viticultural industry worth $60 billion - $12 billion exports
- Global viticulture market worth US$333 billion 2023
- 6th largest primary export for Australia

Employment
- Australia: 172 000 full time + part time jobs associated with $$20 billion in salaries

Wine Tourism
- Australia’s 3rd most common reason for tourism
- 44 million international visitor nights at vineyards
- Businesses generating $650 million

27
Q

Impact of viticulture on economic (negative (2)

A

Increased concentration of ownership
Increased globalization and the increased difficulty for small wine companies especially during covid to make profit has led to the development of major wine TNCs(Constellation and Treasury Wines)
- 1980s: 27 TNCs in wine –> 2017: 3 big players

Independent wineries targeted for takeover
Due to concentration of ownership the in industry is now difficult to compete with due to :
- Oversupply of grapes
- Rising power of large liquor retails (dan Murphy’s, Woolworths)
-Increasing acquisitions and mergers
- Decrease in demand due to younger generations preferring different types of drinks

Geography Y12 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions