Vivas Flashcards

Question

ANS SA

Answer 1

PSNS increased K perm-->hyperpol SNS phase four quicker. This occurs by increasing If ("funny" pacemaker currents) and increasing slow inward Ca++ currents. Sympathetic activation also lowers the threshold for initiating phase 0 of the action potential.

Answer 2

O-outside | I-inferior

Answer 3

broken-->enzyme can act on substrate-->open K channel

Answer 4

GDP-->GTP alphaGTP-->target either AC or PLC PLC PIP->IP3+DAG-->PKC

Answer 5

atp synthase

Answer 6

1)classic lipid theory increased MW-->increased sol to ceiling 2a) modern lipid theory: crowded 2b) hydrophobic pr b

Answer 7

glycolysis NAD-->NADH | pyruvate-->lactate NADH-->NAD

Answer 8

1) 2 layers of membrane | 2) cristea -->increased SA

Answer 9

produced in RBC in response to hypoxia and anaemia | release O2

Answer 10

acetic acid+choline

Answer 11

2 ach. Ligand gate cationic ch-->depol-->AP-->T tubule-->VDCaCh-->ryanodine rec on SR-->Ca ca binds to troponin C -->move tropomysin on actin-->expose myosin binding site ca pumped back into SR actively by ryanodine 1 rec (#MH)

Answer 12

nonselective caffeine and theophylin -inodilator and BD Selective PDE3i- Milronone ino PDE5i- sildenofin-VD including pulm PDEi-dipyridamole

Answer 13

HAVE1 MM MAD2 rest

Answer 14

both renal excr

Answer 15

HB cross BBB | Hyoscine butyl bromide doesnt cross

Answer 16

phentolamine | prazosin

Answer 17

high lipid sol-->liver mer | low lipid sol GI absorption good-->renal excretion

Answer 18

``` aim for black sally with the salt and pepper AME B BLACK SAlly SP PPL AP ```

Answer 19

Normal is 2abde extrajunctional is 2abdg denervation, GBs stroke, M dystrophy, burns >24hrs Myasthenia=muscle weakness Gravis= grave AI antibodies block or destroy NAChR at NMJ -Think Myastenia—>muscle GBS -AI attach of peripheral nerves —>raised potassium with SUX -think Succy Syndrome

Answer 20

catechol o methyl transferase | change OH to CH3

Answer 21

Hydroxylates

Answer 22

lipid sol so treat headache cold and flu

Answer 23

neg to repel Pr-

Answer 24

ph=pka+log A-/HA

Answer 25

Alb bind acid and spill over base | alpha1 acid glycoprotein base

Answer 26

bind at different site to cause change | eg benzo

Answer 27

AMPA-glut | NK1-sub P

Answer 28

Emax Intrinsic activity is a relative term for a drug's efficacy relative to a drug with the highest observed efficacy

Answer 29

1-Conc out/Conc in ???? surely its (Ci-Co/Ci) (70-63)/70=10% ER

Answer 30

clearance.conc

Answer 31

1) extrap 2) AUC -AUC=x/cl -t/2elim=vd.0.693/cl 3)Vss Vd=Cl.MRT (from AUC model)

Answer 32

phenyl cyclidine protien binding site PCP site | allosteric binding site (separate from glut and glycine)

Answer 33

1c) nil change to ARP slowed conduction decreased excitability rate rependant blockade on NaCh-->breaky tachyarrhthmia

Answer 34

``` class 1,2,3,4 -partial a and beta agonist active metabolite frome liver excreted in bile elim-bile! hence fine in CKD WPW ``` SE neuropathy, thyroid, photosens, GI CI in porphoria

Answer 35

CYP450 demethylated and hydroxylated to norket 1/3 active-->gluronation-->inactive met peed out

Answer 36

mainstay ;) 2 unpaired electrons in outer orbit (attracted to EMF (volatiles etc repelled) insp and exp limb lasts for ages fast water fucks with it and all O2 measuring techniques require claibration

Answer 37

OXIDATION OF LEAD ``` #godlen rig RIG at anode (+) #derrangedphys O2+ e- —>OH- ``` Lead gets oxidised at cathode (-) OIL OH- +Pb—>PbO H2O + e- The redox reaction requires a reagent, which gradually becomes depleted, and this means the oxygen cell needs to be replaced regularly

Answer 38

Mr's clarke has silver hair. A voltage of 0.6V is applied across the electrodes, causing the silver to reactive with chloride in the solution to produce electrons: Ag+Cl−⇒AgCl+e− This potential difference is required to start the reaction 0.6V is chosen because it is enough to start the reaction but will have minimal effect on measured current flow At the cathode, oxygen combines with electrons and water to produce hydroxyl ions: O2+4e−+2H2O⇒4OH−

Answer 39

IR (CO2, anaesthetic vapours and N2O, NIL O2) The amplitude of the spectral shape represents the amount of vapour present in the mixture. The amplitude is inversely proportional to the amount of agent present. peizoelectric quarts crystal oscillation (volatile only) - lipid sol anaesthetic agents alter resonant freq of crystals - non specific to differenet agents ``` raman scattering (o2 co2, anaesthetic gas and vapour) -argon laser-->90 degree scattering of different energy of light. each agent has a different characteristic property ``` mass spectrometry (02, CO2, anaesthetic gases and vapour) - charge all particles with an e- beam in a vacuum - magnet permanent - now weight is the only determinant - unique spectrum for each agent

Answer 40

The Severinghaus electrode is a modified glass electrode; The electrode contains some sodium bicarbonate, which reacts with the CO2; The reaction changes the pH in the electrode, which corresponds to a change in potential difference, and this is measured. The CO2 is then inferred from the change in pH. reference electrode with nil CO2 exposure

Answer 41

spectrophotometric measurements (IR light absorption) oxyHb/(oxyhb+deoxyhaemoglobin) DANGER IS CO:Hb looks similar to O:Hb OR calculated -for given Po2 and pH Partial pressure of O2 (pO2) is measured by amperometry by CLARKE ELECTRODE (LIFTL)

Answer 42

http://www.partone.lifeinthefastlane.com/blood_gases.html

Answer 43

The difference in the rate of increase in nitrous oxide concentration in the bowel compared with the pleural space was thought to be because of a greater blood flow to the pleura. The difference in the blood gas partition coefficient of nitrous oxide (0.46) and nitrogen (0.014) resulted in the preferential transfer of nitrous oxide into a compliant air filled cavity faster than nitrogen could exit.2 This is considered responsible for the rapid increase in size of a pneumothorax when a patient inspires a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide.

Answer 44

22C 5 days aggitate

Answer 45

``` Uses -shiver and prolong LA 0.5-1mcg/kg Onset 5 peak 25min Partial agonist NIL RESP DEP Rebound htn and transient rise Block adh block insulin Dry mouth common ``` Lipid sol-->well ab 50% hep met vs renal excretion unchanged Prolonged in CKD

Answer 46

prochlorperazine ie stemetil DA 1st hist and chol highest EPSE-->dystonia drowsy

Answer 47

consitpation HA Qtc

Answer 48

butyrophenones 0.25mg dose SE -hyperprolactin hep emt 1% renal excretion unchanged

Answer 49

DA and 5HT NNT=30! OBA 30-90% arrhythmia and hypotension with bolus

Answer 50

endorphin-->mood antiinflam-->reduced 5hT release in gut ENTEROCHROFFIN CELLS prostaglanin antag steroids stimulate lipocortin-->suppress PLA2 (first step in prostaglandin synth)!

Answer 51

piperazine derive antichol SE #confusion tachy sedating mild Met liver minimal 1% renal excretion care in severe cardaic failure as HR-->decreased preload CI in porphyria

Answer 52

NK! antag (bind sub P)

Answer 53

CB1 rec ag (periph and central

Answer 54

SERLEGELINE FOR pdX IS MAOB SO IS OK ANTIDEPRESSANT mao-->risk cease on DOS -beware indirect agent-->prolonged intense effect

Answer 55

``` first gen -phenergen second gen -loratadine -less antichol sedatin effects ```

Answer 56

a prolong procaaaaaainomide b shortens phenytoin and lig c nil flecainide

Answer 57

typical -relatively DA specific eg halo and drop Atypical - more 5HT -->increased some DA activity-->less prolactinaemia and EPSE - eg quetiapine and olansapine - ->SE of antichol, alpha block,

Vivas Flashcards

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