VN03 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
Where is the cysterna chyli located?
A
In the dorsal abdomen
2
Q
What are the two main vessels lymphatic vessels drain into?
A
Thoracic duct and anterior vena cava
3
Q
What does the thoracic duct do?
A
Empties lymph into the vena cava
4
Q
What are some examples of superficial lymph nodes?
A
Submandibular: at the angle of the jaw
Prescapular: anterior to the scapula
Popliteal: just behind the stifle joint
5
Q
What are lymphatic capillaries?
A
Small thin-walled vessels absorbing interstitial fluid
6
Q
How do lymphatic capillaries function?
A
They absorb excess interstitial fluid from tissues
7
Q
What are lymph nodes?
A
Bean-shaped structures along lymph vessels
8
Q
What do lymphatic vessels resemble in structure?
A
Veins containing valves to prevent backflow.
9
Q
How does the lymphatic system move fluid?
A
Movement is driven, no pumping system
10
Q
What do lymphatic vessels drain into?
A
Larger lymphatic ducts
11
Q
How does fluid enter the lymphatic system?
A
By entering lymphatic vessels from tissues
12
Q
What happens to fluid at the venous end of capillaries?
A
Most fluid is drawn back into capillaries
13
Q
What are lymph nodes described as?
A
Pale, bean-shaped structures
14
Q
What is the cisterna chyli’s role?
A
Drains fluid from hind limbs, pelvis and abdomen
15
Q
What is the lymphatic circulation process?
A
Vessels contain one-way valves
Join to form thoracic duct
Empties lymph into vena cava before heart
All vessels pass through at least one lymph node
Allows for filtration before systemic circulation
16
Q
What is the main duct that filters into the vena cava?
A
Thoracic duct
17
Q
What does the tracheal duct drain?
A
Head and neck and empty into the thoracic duct
18
Q
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
A
Return tissue fluid to the circulation
Filter potentially damaging material from the lymph
Produce antibodies and lymphocytes for the defence of the body
Transport digested fat from the intestine to the liver/storage sites around the body
Lymphoid tissue acts as the first line of defence and helps control localized infections
19
Q
Where are lymphatic capillaries not found?
A
Central nervous system
20
Q
What is the role of lymph nodes?
A
Filter lymph fluid to remove harmful substances
21
Q
What is the direction of lymphatic fluid movement?
A
Only towards the heart unidirectional
22
Q
What is the primary responsibility of the lymphatic system?
A
Transport lymph to the right side of the heart
23
Q
What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
A
Return tissue fluid to circulation
Filter potentially damaging material
Produce antibodies and lymphocytes
Transport digested fat to liver/storage
Act as first line of defense against infections
24
Q
What occurs when there is a lack of blood pressure?
A
Less fluid is absorbed, leading to accumulation
25
What is reflexology lymphatic drainage (RLD)?
Drains lymph from right side of the head, neck and thorax into the heart via the jugular vein or vena cava
26
What are the types of lymphoid tissues and their roles?
Tonsils: lymphoid tissue in the pharynx
Thymus: lymphocyte production site in young animals
Spleen: blood storage, RBC removal, lymphocyte production
Gut-associated lymph tissue (GALT): involved in immune response
27
What type of dressing is a dry dressing?
It is passive
28
When do we use dry dressing?
They are used for superficial wounds where infection isn't a major concern. It is normally used in the early stages of wound healing.
29
What is an example of dry dressing?
Sterile gauze pad
30
What is an example of wet-to-dry dressing?
Sterile gauze soaked in saline or antiseptic
31
What type of wound dressing is wet-to-dry dressing?
Passive
32
What is the main function of a wet-to-dry dressing?
It helps keep the wound moist. It debrides the wound by adhering to necrotic tissue.
33
When do we use a wet-to-dry dressing?
We use it for a wound with a lot of necrotic tissue or heavy exudate.
34
What type of dressing is Perforated Film Dressing?
Passive
35
What is the main function of Perforated Film Dressing?
Acts as a barrier to protect the wound from contaminants while allowing moisture and air exchange.
36
What are examples of Perforated Film Dressing?
Opsite, Tegaderm.
37
When do we use Perforated Film Dressing?
It is used for superficial wounds or situations where minimal absorption is needed.
38
What type of dressing is Non-Adherent Semi-Occlusive (Polyurethane Foam Type)?
Active
39
What are examples of Non-Adherent Semi-Occlusive (Polyurethane Foam Type) dressing?
Tegaderm, Mepilex
40
When do we use Non-Adherent Semi-Occlusive (Polyurethane Foam Type) dressing?
Wounds with minimal to moderate exudate. Ideal for chronic wounds.
41
What type of dressing is Hydrocolloid Dressing?
Active
42
What is the main function of Hydrocolloid Dressing?
Provides moisture to the wound, absorbs exudate, and promotes natural debridement.
43
Examples of Hydrocolloid Dressing?
Duoderm, Tegaderm hydrocolloid
44
When do we use Hydrocolloid Dressing?
Best for low to moderate exudating wounds. (burns, pressure ulcers, and chronic wounds).
45
What type of dressing is Hydrogel Dressing?
Active
46
Examples of Calcium Alginate Dressing?
Algosteril, Kaltostat
47
Examples of Hydrogel Dressing?
AquaCell AG, Intrasite Gel
48
When do we use Hydrogel Dressing?
Dry/necrotic wounds or minor burns.
49
What type of dressing is Calcium Alginate Dressing?
Active
50
What is the main function of Calcium Alginate Dressing?
Absorb exudate and promote hemostasis.
51
When do we use Calcium Alginate Dressing?
Heavy exudated, deep wounds.
52
What type of dressing is Collagen Dressing?
Active
53
Examples of Collagen Dressing?
Fibracol
54
What is the main function of Collagen Dressing?
Stimulates tissue regeneration.
55
When do we use Collagen Dressing?
Chronic or non-healing wounds.
56
What type of dressing is silver dressing?
Active
57
When do we use silver dressing?
Infected or high-risk wounds.
58
What is the main function of silver dressing?
Antimicrobial, promotes healing.
59
What type of dressing is Honey dressing?
Active
60
What is the main function of Honey dressing?
Antimicrobial, promotes healing.
61
Examples of Honey dressing?
Medihoney, Manuka honey.
62
When do we use Honey dressing?
Chronic, infected wounds.
63
What type of dressing is paraffin gauze dressing?
Passive
64
What is the main function of paraffin gauze dressing?
Keep wound moist.
65
Examples of paraffin gauze dressing?
Jelonet, Intrasite.
66
When do we use paraffin gauze dressing?
Superficial wounds, low exudate.
67
What does contusion mean?
Bruising
68
What are closed wounds?
Are superficial surface covering wounds like contusion.
69
What is abrasion/shear?
Loss of superficial layer of skin.
70
What is a puncture wound?
The full thickness of the skin is penetrated by mechanical force that is small or pointed.
71
What is perforation wound?
A wound that passes through an organ.
72
What is a laceration wound?
The full thickness of the skin is penetrated but the point of entry is wider than a puncture.
73
What is an incised wound?
This is a type of laceration, but caused by a sharp-edged object.
74
What is a penetrating wound?
A wound that passes through a body cavity such as the abdomen or chest.
75
What is a burn?
It is caused by a dry heat source.
76
What is avulsion wound?
A wound caused by tearing or ripping of tissue. They have irregular edges.
77
What type of burns can you get?
Thermal, chemical, electrical, radiation, scald.
78
What is a clean wound?
A surgical wound under aseptic condition. This does not enter the respiratory, alimentary or urogenital tract. It is closed by suturing.
79
What is a clean-contaminated wound?
Fresh traumatic wound. Or a surgical wound with a break in aseptic technique.
80
What is a dirty wound?
A traumatic wound over six hours old. Or a surgical wound where an ongoing infection is present prior to surgery.
81
When does the inflammation phase happen?
Immediate-2 days
82
What is the inflammatory phase?
It is the initial response to tissue damage.
83
What does the inflammation phase do?
It prevents the spread of infection, speeds up healing, alerts the immune system to take action.
84
What is haemostasis in regards to the inflammatory phase?
Stop the flow of blood. It releases thromboplastin to activate the clotting process.
85
When does the proliferative phase happen?
3-7 days post injury
86
What triggers the proliferative phase?
Macrophages
87
What happens in the proliferative phase?
Granulation tissue is formed. Rich in fibroblasts, angiogenesis (new blood vessel), fibroplasia (produce collagen), wound contraction.
88
When does the remodelling phase happen?
5-7 days post injury
89
What happens in the remodelling phase?
A scar will remodel and strengthen over this period. Hair will regrow. Type I collagen replaces type III.
90
What is exudate?
Fluid containing proteins and WBC.
91
What is the golden period (wounds)?
First 6 hours a wound has happened.
92
What is first intention healing?
Primary intention. A wound is surgically closed and heals rapidly.
93
What is second intention healing?
Wound heals bottom to top, side to side occurs where skin edges do not meet.
94
What is third intention healing?
It is a mix of second intention and first intention.
95
What is primary closure?
Wounds that are surgically closed.
96
What is secondary closure?
Is a heavily contaminated wound 3 days old that gets surgically closed.
97
What is delayed primary closure?
Delayed primary closure is a wound management technique where a wound is initially left open to allow for drainage and then closed surgically at a later time.
98
What does bright red blood issue in spurts indicate?
Usually one distinct point of haemorrhage. Arterial.
99
What does dark red blood issue from a wound in a steady stream indicate?
From one distinct point. Venous.
100
What does blood oozing from many small sites in a wound indicate?
Capillary.
101
How do we control haemorrhages?
Pressure bandage, tourniquet, cauterize, give vitamin K.
102
What is the name for a nose bleed?
Epistaxis.
103
What kind of shock is seen with severe haemorrhage?
Hypovolemic shock.
104
What is primary haemorrhage?
Immediately after trauma bleeding.
105
What is reactionary haemorrhage?
Occurs 24-48 hours after injury, caused by low BP.
106
What are signs of internal haemorrhage?
Tachycardia, slow capillary refill time, pale MM.
107
What are the two parts the pharynx is divided into?
The nasopharynx-connected to the caudal nasal cavities
The oropharynx- connected to the caudal oral cavity.
108
What are the two main paranasal sinuses?
The maxillary sinus- found in the maxillary bone of the skull
The frontal sinus- found in the frontal bone of the skull.
109
What is the larynx?
The larynx is a 'box' consisting of a group of cartilages.
110
What is the epiglottis?
It is spade-shaped and attached to the tongue and thyroid cartilage.
111
Where can you find the epiglottis?
Most rostral cartilage.
112
What is the arytenoid?
This forms the inside of the larynx and supports the vocal cords.
113
What is the thyroid?
This is the largest of the cartilage and forms the floor of the larynx.
114
What is the cricoid?
A ring-like structure that articulates with the thyroid cartilage and trachea.
115
What is the function of the larynx?
Preventing the entry of foreign material into the respiratory tract.
Regulates the flow of gases into the respiratory tract and contributes to vocalization.
116
What is the trachea made out of?
C-shaped ring of cartilage connected by fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle. It is lined with ciliated epithelium.
117
What does the trachea pass through?
Through the thorax at the thoracic inlet.
118
What does the trachea split into?
Two bronchi at the level of the heart base.
119
What is the function of the trachea?
Allow airflow from the larynx to the lung.
120
What do bronchi divide into?
Bronchioles.
121
What is the pathway of bronchioles in the respiratory system?
Bronchioles divide into terminal bronchioles. Terminal bronchioles end in alveolar ducts.
122
Where do terminal bronchioles end?
In the alveolar ducts.
123
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli.
124
Where will you find the lungs?
Thoracic cavity.
125
What are the lungs covered in?
Connective tissue layer known as pulmonary pleura.
126
What is the Roper, Logan and Tierney model (nursing care plans)?
A nursing care model that is based primarily on activities of living.
127
When was the Roper, Logan and Tierney model made?
1993.
128
What is the Roper, Logan and Tierney model made up of?
Five parts: Activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing Activities of living, individuality in living.
129
What are the 12 activities of living according to RLT?
Maintaining safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, grooming, maintaining body temp, movement, expressing normal behavior, sleeping and dying.
130
What is the Orem model?
Nursing focuses on the key ideas that an individual is self-caring.
131
What nursing care plan is for veterinary nurses?
The ability model.
132
What are the key components of the ability model?
The 10 abilities, lifespan, key influencing factors (these include cultural, financial, and owner compliance).
133
What are the 4 body cavities?
Thorax, abdomen, pelvic cavity, mediastinum.
134
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Cranially it is bound by the thoracic inlet. Caudally by the diaphragm. Dorsally by vertebrae. Ventrally by sternum. Laterally by ribs.
135
What is the heart responsible for?
Pumping blood around the body.
136
What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
Cranially the pelvic inlet. Caudally by pelvic outlet. Dorsally by pelvic bones. Laterally by muscle around the pelvic girdle.
137
What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
Cranially by the diaphragm. Caudally by the pelvic opening. Dorsally by the vertebrae. Ventrally/laterally by abdominal muscle.
138
Where is the heart located?
It sits in the thorax within the mediastinum.
139
What is the sac that surrounds the heart?
It is called the pericardium.
140
What are the three layers of cardiac muscle in the heart?
The epicardium (outer layer), the myocardium (thick middle layer), the endocardium (thin smooth inner layer).
141
What is the contraction of the heart called?
Systole.
142
What is the relaxation of the heart called?
Diastole.
143
What is the main function of a dry dressing?
It provides a protective covering, absorbs exudate, and allows the wound to dry out. It doesn't provide a moist environment.
144
What is the main function of Non-Adherent Semi-Occlusive (Polyurethane Foam Type) dressing?
Maintains a moist environment, absorbs exudate.
145
What are the layers of the heart?
The epicardium (outer layer), the myocardium (thick middle layer), and the endocardium (thin smooth inner layer).
146
What is the main function of a dry dressing?
It provides a protective covering, absorbs exudate, and allows the wound to dry out.
147
What is the main function of Non-Adherent Semi-Occlusive (Polyurethane Foam Type) dressing?
Maintains a moist environment, absorbs exudate, and provides thermal insulation.
148
What is the main function of Hydrogel Dressing?
Maintain moisture, cools and rehydrates.
149
What is an example of silver dressing?
Silver sulfadiazine, silver impregnated foam dressing.
150
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals that are essential for maintaining health and preventing deficiency diseases.
151
What are examples of nurse clinics?
Weight management, PHC checks, New puppy/kitten.
152
What is a nurse clinic?
It is when we give owner advice.
153
What is a nurse consultation?
It is a service that we provide.
154
What are examples of nurse consultation?
Nail clips, post-op checks, anal glands, bandage changes.
155
What are the 6 steps of the Cambridge Calgary model?
Preparation, initializing the consultation, gathering information, physical examination, explanation and planning, closing the consultation.
156
How does food move down the oesophagus?
Peristalsis.
157
What is complete pet food?
Nutritionally complete balanced diet.
158
What should you consider when making a diet for a pet?
Life stage, concurrent medical conditions, allergies, and behavioural considerations.
159
What is a complementary diet?
A diet that aids their diet, normally supplements.
160
What is a fixed formulation (pet food)?
Has a fixed formulation to aid with health problems.
161
What is the open formulation diet (pet food)?
A diet that can change the ingredients that they are putting in the food.
162
What type of diet does a cat need?
A high fat and protein diet.
163
How many amino acids do cats need?
11 amino acids.
164
How many amino acids do dogs need?
10 amino acids.
165
What is an essential nutrient?
Any nutrient which is required by the animal and can't be synthesized in the body.
166
What can essential nutrients be divided into?
Energy providing nutrients and non-energy providing nutrients.
167
What are energy giving nutrients?
Protein, fat, carbohydrates.
168
What are non-energy giving nutrients?
Water, vitamins, and minerals.
169
How much water do dogs and cats need per day?
50ml/kg/day.
170
How much water do rabbits and guinea pigs need?
100ml/kg/day.
171
Why do you need fibre?
Increases bulk and water of intestinal contents, reduces energy density of food to promote weight loss, regulation of gut transit time.
172
Why is water needed in the diet?
Electrolyte balance, transport medium for nutrients, temperature regulation.
173
How much of the body weight is water?
60-70%.
174
How much waste comes out in faeces?
10-20ml/kg/day.
175
What is the calculation for urine waste?
20ml/kg/day.
176
How much waste comes out in respiration and sweating?
20ml/kg/day.
177
How much energy does protein give animals?
3.5cal/g.
178
What protein do cats need in their diet?
Taurine.
179
Why do animals need protein?
Tissue growth and repair, manufacture of hormones and enzymes, protection against infection, regulation of metabolism, transport of oxygen, structural role in cell walls.
180
What happens if cats don't get taurine?
Infertility, reduced immunity, retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy.
181
Where do you find taurine?
Animal protein, found in meat.
182
Why is excess protein dangerous to older animals?
Protein increases the liver and kidney workload, overweight.
183
What happens if animals don't get enough protein?
Poor growth, weight loss, dull coat, muscle wasting, anaemia.
184
How much energy do fat/triglycerides give animals?
8.7 kcal/g.
185
What vitamins absorb fat?
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K.
186
Why do animals need fats?
Essential fatty acids, insulation, enhance food palatability.
187
What are fat molecules made up of?
One glycerol and three fatty acids.
188
What are bad fats?
Saturated fats are bad because they have single bonds between carbon atoms.
189
What are good fats?
Unsaturated fats are good because they have double carbon atoms.
190
What is linoleic acid?
Vegetable oil and animal fat; this is an essential fatty acid.
191
What is arachidonic acid?
Animal fat; cats can't synthesize this.
192
What are omega-3 fatty acids?
Fish oils; these are anti-inflammatory.
193
What are omega-6 fatty acids?
Vegetable oils and dairy products; this boosts immunity.
194
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin B and C.
195
What is the resting energy requirement rate?
RER = 30 x kg + 70.
