Voc 1 Flashcards
(322 cards)
1
Q
inhabitant
A
a person or an animal that lives in a particular place (population)
2
Q
drop
A
(v,n)
to take sb to a particular place, usually in a car and leave them there
3
Q
pretend
A
(v,adj) to behave in a particular way in order to make other people believe sth that is not true
I’m tired of having to pretend all the time.
4
Q
reputation
A
(n)
the opinion that people have about what sb/sth is like, based on what has happened in the past
to have a good/bad reputation
5
Q
spectacular
A
(adj) very impressive
6
Q
accommodation
A
(n) a place to live, work or stay in
7
Q
surround
A
(n,v) to be all around sth/sb
8
Q
diverse
A
(adj) very different from each other and of various kinds
people from diverse cultures
• My interests are very diverse.
9
Q
nutrition
A
“(n) the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthy
to study food science and nutrition
10
Q
outskirt
A
suburb
11
Q
occupation
A
(n) a job or profession
• Please state your name, age and occupation below.
12
Q
majority
A
the largest part of a group of people or things
• The majority of people interviewed prefer TV to radio.
13
Q
species
A
a group into which animals, plants, etc.
There are many species of dog(s).
14
Q
enquire
A
(v) to ask sb for some information
I called the station to enquire about train times.
15
Q
realistic
A
(adj) accepting in a sensible way what it is actually possible to do or achieve in a particular situation
• a realistic assessment
16
Q
appreciate
A
to recognize the good qualities of sb/sth
• You can’t really appreciate foreign literature in translation
Her family doesn’t appreciate her.
17
Q
hire
A
to pay money to borrow sth for a short time
• to hire a car/room/video
18
Q
admire
A
verb
1. to respect sb for what they are or for what they have done
• You have to admire the way he handled the situation.
19
Q
avalanche
A
a mass of snow, ice and rock that falls down the side of a mountain
• alpine villages destroyed in an avalanche
20
Q
extensive
A
large in size, amount, or degree:
The house stands in extensive grounds.
adv: extensively
She has travelled extensively.
21
Q
attend
A
همراه شدن، توجه کردن
How many people attend church every Sunday?
She hadn’t been attending during the lesson
22
Q
sect
A
a small group of people who belong to a particular religion but who have some beliefs or practices which separate them from the rest of the group
23
Q
assassins
A
ادمکش
24
Q
commentary
A
a spoken description of an event that is given while it is happening, especially on the radio or television
• a sports commentary
25
interrupted
stop, discontinue; disturb, interfere; interrupt the conversation or action of another (especially with a remark)
26
expedition
an organized journey with a particular purpose, especially to find out about a place that is not well known
• to plan/lead/go on an expedition to the North Pole
. the people who go on an expedition
27
expect
to think or believe that sth will happen or that sb will do sth
• We are expecting a rise in food prices this month
28
voyage
a long journey, especially by sea or in space
| • an around-the-world voyage
29
confident
feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful
• She was in a relaxed, confident mood.
30
compass
قطب نما
31
preserve
~ sth to keep a particular quality, feature, etc; to make sure that sth is kept
32
lay out
طرح،ترتیب، نقشه
| arranged in a pattern
33
motorist
a person driving a car
34
extrovert
برونگرا
35
likeable
pleasant and easy to like
36
undoubtedly
certainly, unquestionably, without doubt
37
navigable
wide and deep enough for ships and boats to sail on
38
applicant
a person who makes a formal request for sth (= applies for it), especially for a job, a place at a college or university, etc
39
quarrel
an angry argument or disagreement between people, often about a personal matter
40
defend
to protect sb/sth from attack
41
generation
all the people who were born at about the same time
| نسل
42
suffer
to be badly affected by a disease, pain, sadness, a lack of sth, etc
43
majority
the largest part of a group of people or things
44
respectful
showing or feeling respect (با احترام)
45
Ambitious
determined to be successful, rich, powerful, etc
| They were very ambitious for their children (= they wanted them to be successful
46
pity
to feel sorry for sb because of their situation
| • He had no pity for her.
47
exceptionally
used before an adjective or adverb to emphasize how strong or unusual the quality is
• The weather, even for January, was exceptionally cold.
48
inexplicable
adj, that cannot be understood or explaine
| • inexplicable behaviour
49
Indistinguishable
adj, if two things are indistinguishable, or one is indistinguishable from the other, it is impossible to see any differences between them
• The male of the species is almost indistinguishable from the female.
50
revolution
an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country, especially by violent action
• a socialist revolution
51
urban
connected with a town or city
• damage to both urban and rural environments
• urban areas
52
innovative
introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing sth, etc
| • There will be a prize for the most innovative design
53
emission
the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc
| • the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
54
top up
payment that you make to increase the amount of money, etc. to the level that is needed
• a phone top-up (= to buy more time for calls)
• Students will have to pay top-up fees (= fees that are above the basic level).
55
deplete
to reduce sth by a large amount so that there is not enough left
• Food supplies were severely depleted.
56
grid
شبکه
| The vehicle will be plugged into electricity grid.
57
Announcement
a spoken or written statement that informs people about sth
• Today's announcement of a peace agreement came after weeks of discussion.
• Announcements of births, marriages and deaths appear in some newspapers.
58
lounge
a room for waiting in at an airport, etc
| • the departure lounge
59
recline
lie in a horizontal position, lie back; lie down and rest; place in a horizontal position; lean back
60
steward
a man whose job is to take care of passengers on a ship, an aircraft or a train and who brings them meals, etc
61
congestion
the state of being crowded and full of traffic
| • traffic congestion and pollution
62
commuter
a person who travels into a city to work each day, usually from quite far away
63
convenience
the quality of being useful, easy or suitable for sb
| • We have provided seats for the convenience of our customers
64
whereby
by which; because of which
| • They have introduced a new system whereby all employees must undergo regular training.
65
toll
money that you pay to use a particular road or bridge
• motorway tolls
• a toll road/bridge
66
rush hour
the time, usually twice a day, when the roads are full of traffic and trains are crowded because people are travelling to or from work
67
implement
to make sth that has been officially decided start to happen or be used
68
telecommute
to work from home, communicating with your office, customers and others by telephone, email, etc.
69
accomodation
تدارک جا، همراهی
70
unwilling
only before noun: not wanting to do or be sth, but forced to by other people
71
enthusiastic
feeling or showing a lot of excitement and interest about sb/sth
• an enthusiastic supporter
• an enthusiastic welcome
72
syringe
سرنگ، تزریق کردن
73
fluctuation
a change in a price, amount, level
fluctuation in
the fluctuation in interest rates
74
slightly
a little
| • a slightly different version
75
align
to arrange sth in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to sth else, especially in a straight line
• Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.
76
widespread
existing or happening over a large area or among many people
77
steeply
سرازیر
78
regard
to think about sb/sth in a particular way
79
conscious
aware of sth;
| She's very conscious of the problems involved
80
cite
to mention sth as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying
81
contribute
to give sth, especially money or goods, to help sb/sth
82
admit
to agree that sth is true
83
exhibition
a collection of things, for example works of art, that are shown to the public
• Have you seen the Picasso exhibition?
84
fascinated
very interested
| • The children watched, fascinated, as the picture began to appear.
85
demonstration
an act of showing or explaining how sth works or is done
| • We were given a brief demonstration of the computer's functions.
86
attendance
the act of being present at a place, for example at school
87
convenient
useful
| It is very convenient to pay by credit card.
88
consumer
a person who buys goods or uses services
89
tire
to become tired and feel as if you want to sleep or rest; to make sb feel this way
90
ceiling
the top inside surface of a room
91
revolve
to go in a circle around a central point
92
stuck
past tense of (stick) unable to move
93
signpost
a sign at the side of a road giving information about the direction and distance of places
94
pity
used to show that you are disappointed about sth
95
consequence
a result of sth that has happened
96
chunk
a thick solid piece that has been cut or broken off sth
| • a chunk of cheese
97
hesitate
to be slow to speak or act because you feel uncertain or nervous
98
sculpture
a work of art that is a solid figure or object made by ↑ carving or shaping wood, stone, ↑ clay, metal, etc
99
preliminary
happening before a more important action or event
100
inspired
produced with the help of ↑ inspiration
| الهام گرفته
101
investigation
an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc
102
diagonally
بطورمورب ، اريبى ، ازگوشه اى بگوشه روبرو
103
attempt
an act of trying to do sth, especially sth difficult, often with no success
104
twist
to turn sth into a particular shape
| • Twist the wire to form a circle.
105
demonstrate
to show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence
106
persuade
to make sb do sth by giving them good reasons for doing it
| • ~ sb to do sth Try to persuade him to come.
107
fair
نمایشگاه
108
concern
sb/sth to affect sb/sth; to involve sb/sth
109
blame
to think or say that sb/sth is responsible for sth bad
110
hygienic
clean and free of bacteria
| Food must be prepared in hygienic conditions
111
catch
sth to stop and hold a moving object, especially in your hands
• She managed to catch the keys as they fell.
112
infection
an illness that is caused by bacteria or a virus and that affects one part of the body
113
doubt
a feeling of being uncertain about sth or not believing sth
| • a feeling of doubt and uncertainty
114
regulation
an official rule made by a government or some other authority
• too many rules and regulations
115
coast
the land beside or near to the sea or ocean
| • a town on the south coast of England
116
continent
one of the large land masses of the earth such as Europe, Asia or Africa
• the continent of Africa
• the African continent
117
get rid of
be released from, go away from, throw out
118
prey
1. an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another
• The lion will often stalk its prey for hours.
119
breed
(of animals) to have sex and produce young
| • Many animals breed only at certain times of the year
120
flock
a group of sheep, ↑ goats or birds of the same type
121
massive
very large, heavy and solid
• a massive rock
• the massive walls of the castle
122
predator
an animal that kills and eats other animals
• Some animals have no natural predators.
• the relationship between predator and prey
123
nest
a hollow place or structure that a bird makes or chooses for laying its eggs in and sheltering its young
124
pesticide
a chemical used for killing ↑ pests, especially insects
| • vegetables grown without the use of pesticides
125
endanger
at risk, in danger; in danger of extinction (about an animal or plant)
126
humpback
کوهان دار ، گوژپشت
127
longitude
the distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich ↑ meridian, measured in degrees
128
snap
انداختن
129
distinctive
having a quality or characteristic that makes sth different and easily noticed
130
route
a way that you follow to get from one place to another
131
underestimate
to think or guess that the amount, cost or size of sth is smaller than it really is
• to underestimate the cost of the project
132
krill
پلانگتون
133
detour
a longer route that you take in order to avoid a problem or to visit a place
• It's well worth making a detour to see the village
134
hostile
very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight
| • The speaker got a hostile reception from the audience
135
hemisphere
one half of the earth, especially the half above or below the ↑ equator
136
extinction
a situation in which a plant, an animal, a way of life, etc. stops existing
137
mystery
something that is difficult to understand or to explain
| • It's a complete mystery to me why they chose him
138
explore
to travel to or around an area or a country in order to learn about it
139
undoubtedly
certainly, unquestionably, without doubt
140
extraordinary
unexpected, surprising or strange
141
climbers
one who goes up
142
exhausted
very tired
143
expression
اصطلاح
144
enclosure
a piece of land that is surrounded by a fence or wall and is used for a particular purpose
• a wildlife enclosure
145
fascinate
greatly interested
146
last
طول کشیدن برای یک مدت زمان
147
fabulous
افسانهاي ،افسانهوار ، شگفت اور
148
demonstration
public meeting or march at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting sb/sth
149
vulture
کرکس، لاشخور
150
lawn
an area of ground covered in short grass in a garden/yard or park, or used for playing a game on
151
generous
giving or willing to give freely; given freely
• a generous benefactor
• ~ (with sth) to be generous with your time
• to be generous in giving help
152
career planning
طرح ريزى مشاغل
153
left behind
abandoned
154
go off
to leave a place, especially in order to do sth
| • She went off to get a drink.
155
donated
to give money, food, clothes, etc. to sb/sth, especially a charity
• He donated thousands of pounds to charity.
156
fascination
a very strong attraction, that makes sth very interesting
157
decline
a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of sth
• a rapid/sharp/gradual decline
158
consistency
the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standard, etc
159
fed up
bored or unhappy, especially with a situation that has continued for too long
• You look fed up. What's the matter?
160
conventional
following what is traditional or the way sth has been done for a long time
161
novelty
a thing, person or situation that is interesting because it is new, unusual or has not been known before
162
implication
a possible effect or result of an action or a decision
| • They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions.
163
principle
a strong belief that influences your action
| • I refuse to lie about it; it's against my principles
164
investigator
a person who examines a situation such as an accident or a crime to find out the truth
• air safety investigators
165
muddle
(v,n) to put things in the wrong order or mix them up
| • ~ sth Don't do that— you're muddling my papers.
166
pick out
choose
167
Participant
a person who is taking part in an activity or event
| • He has been an active participant in the discussion
168
conduct
to organize and/or do a particular activity
| • to conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey
169
suspect
to have an idea that sth is probably true or likely to happen, especially sth bad, but without having definite proof
170
strengthening
make strong
171
prone
likely to suffer from sth or to do sth bad
172
effort
the physical or mental energy that you need to do sth; sth that takes a lot of energy
• You should put more effort into your work.
173
consistently
استوار، ثابت قدم
174
Throughout
در تمام ،
| in or into every part of sth
175
career
the series of jobs that a person has in a particular area of work, usually involving more responsibility as time passes
حرفه، شغل
176
fairer
منصفانه
177
literacy
the ability to read and write
178
salary
money that employees receive for doing their job, especially professional employees or people working in an office, usually paid every month
• an annual salary of $40 000
179
enrol
to arrange for yourself or for sb else to officially join a course, school, etc
• You need to enrol before the end of August.
180
ambition
something that you want to do or achieve very much
181
hesitate
مردد بودن
182
concentrate
to give all your attention to sth and not think about anything else
I can't concentrate with all that noise going on.
183
comprehend
to understand sth fully
184
engage
to succeed in attracting and keeping sb's attention and interest
It is a movie that engages both the mind and the eye.
185
constantly
دائما
186
grab
to take or hold sb/sth with your hand suddenly, firmly or roughly
187
illiterate
not knowing how to read or write
| A large percentage of the rural population was illiterate
188
enrolment
the act of officially joining a course, school, etc; the number of people who do this
Enrolment is the first week of September
189
fluctuation
a change in a price, amount, level etc
| there was a lot of fluctuation in the numbers.
190
Respectively
in the same order as the people or things already mentioned
| • Julie and Mark, aged 17 and 19 respectively
191
pupil
a child in a school
| • How many pupils does the school have?
192
route
a way that you follow to get from one place to another
193
expectation
a belief that sth will happen because it is likely
194
rely
اعتماد کردن on , upon
195
presence
of a person) the fact of being in a particular place
196
appearance
the way that sb/sth looks on the outside; what sb/sth seems to be
• the physical/outward/external appearance of sth
197
identity
who or what sb/sth is
| • The police are trying to discover the identity of the killer.
198
drop litter
اشغال ریختن
199
Undesirable
نامطلوب
200
leaky
having holes or cracks that allow liquid or gas to escape
| • a leaky roof
201
desalination
the process of removing salt from sea water
| • a desalination plant
202
substance
a type of solid, liquid or gas that has particular qualities
• a chemical/radioactive, etc. substance
• a sticky substance
203
marine
connected with the sea and the creatures and plants that live there
• marine life
• a marine biologist
204
collection
a group of objects, often of the same sort, that have been collected
• a stamp/coin, etc. collection
• The painting comes from his private collection.
205
consumption
the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used
| • the production of fuel for domestic consumption
206
irrigating
artificially supply an area land with water; apply liquid to a part of the body to cleanse or disinfect (Medicine)
207
hygiene
the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease
208
disease
an illness affecting humans, animals or plants, often caused by infection
• heart/liver/kidney, etc. disease
209
burden
a heavy load that is difficult to carry
210
district
an area of a country or town, especially one that has particular features
• the City of London's financial district
211
fetch
to go to where sb/sth is and bring them/it back
• ~ sb/sth to fetch help / a doctor
• The inhabitants have to walk a mile to fetch water.
• She's gone to fetch the kids from school.
212
drought
a long period of time when there is little or no rain
| • two years of severe drought
213
pour
to make a liquid or other substance flow from a container in a continuous stream, especially by holding the container at an angle
• Pour the sauce over the pasta.
• She poured boiling water down the sink.
214
abundant
existing in large quantities; more than enough
| • Fish are abundant in the lake.
215
lack
the state of not having sth or not having enough of sth
| • a lack of food/money/skills
216
plentiful
available or existing in large amounts or numbers
Syn: ↑ abundant
• a plentiful supply of food
• In those days jobs were plentiful
217
haul
to pull sth/sb with a lot of effort
218
cultivate
to prepare and use land for growing plants or crops
• The land around here has never been cultivated.
219
overwhelming
very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react
• The evidence against him was overwhelming.
220
scheme
a plan or system for doing or organizing sth
| • a training scheme
221
reservoir
a natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is taken by pipes to houses, etc.
222
barrel
a large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends and, usually, curved sides
• a beer/wine barrel
223
irrigation
آبیاری
224
slope
a surface or piece of land that slopes (= is higher at one end than the other)
Syn: ↑ incline
• a grassy slope
• The town is built on a slope.
2. countable, usually plural an area of land that is part of a mountain or hill
225
escalator
پله برقی
226
surrounding
adjective only before noun
that is near or around sth
• Oxford and the surrounding area
227
outstanding
معوق، پرداخت نشده
228
generation
all the people who were born at about the same time
| • the younger/older generation
229
explosion
the sudden violent bursting and loud noise of sth such as a bomb exploding; the act of deliberately causing sth to explode
• a bomb/nuclear/gas explosion
230
prestigious
respected and admired as very important or of very high quality
• a prestigious award
231
lawsuit
a claim or complaint against sb that a person or an organization can make in court
• He filed a lawsuit against his record company.
232
battle
a fight between armies, ships or planes, especially during a war; a violent fight between groups of people
• the battle of Waterloo
• to be killed in battle
233
survive
to continue to live or exist
• She was the last surviving member of the family.
• Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived.
234
prove
to use facts, evidence, etc. to show that sth is true
| • ~ sth They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence.
235
remarkable
unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice
Syn: ↑ astonishing
• a remarkable achievement/career/talent
• She was a truly remarkable woman.
236
desperate
feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others
• The prisoners grew increasingly desperate.
237
downbeat
dull or depressing; not having much hope for the future
• The overall mood of the meeting was downbeat.
Opp: ↑ upbeat
238
critic
a person who expresses opinions about the good and bad qualities of books, music, etc
• a music/theatre/literary, etc. critic
• The critics loved the movie.
239
prospect
an idea of what might or will happen in the future
| • an exciting prospect
240
broken down
ازپاى درامد
241
crisis
بحران
| a political/financial crisis
242
enormous
```
extremely large
Syn: ↑ huge, Syn: ↑ immense
• an enormous house/dog
• an enormous amount of time
• enormous interest
```
243
swiftly
تندرو
Surprise was swiftly followed by outrage.
• She moved swiftly to the rescue.
244
desire
a strong wish to have or do sth
| • enough money to satisfy all your desires
245
ultimate
happening at the end of a long process
Syn: ↑ final
• our ultimate goal/aim/objective/target
• We will accept ultimate responsibility for whatever happens
246
admire
to respect sb for what they are or for what they have done
• ~ sb/sth I really admire your enthusiasm.
• You have to admire the way he handled the situation.
247
lift
to raise sb/sth or be raised to a higher position or level
• ~ sb/sth (up) (+ adv./prep.) He stood there with his arms lifted above his head.
• I lifted the lid of the box and peered in.
• (figurative) John lifted his eyes (= looked up) from his book.
• ~ (up) Her eyebrows lifted. ‘Apologize? Why?’
248
Uninterrupted
not stopped or blocked by anything; continuous and not interrupted
• We had an uninterrupted view of the stage.
• eight hours of uninterrupted sleep
249
pervade
نفوذ کردن ، پخش شدن
Syn: ↑ permeate
• a pervading mood of fear
250
appearance
way that sb/sth looks on the outside; what sb/sth seems to be
• the physical/outward/external appearance of sth
• She had never been greatly concerned about her appearance
251
secretive
پنهان کار ، مرموز
| He's very secretive about his work
252
Audience
the group of people who have gathered to watch or listen to sth (a play, concert, sb speaking, etc.)
• The audience was/were clapping for 10 minutes.
253
appreciate
قدردانى کردن (از) ، تقدير کردن
254
strictly
اکيدا" ، سخت ، دقيقا"
255
commission
(V) to officially ask sb to write, make or create sth or to do a task for you
256
headquarter
قرارگاه
257
feature
something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing
• An interesting feature of the city is the old market.
258
demonstrate
to show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence
| • ~ that… These results demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working
259
refinement
a small change to sth that improves it
Syn: ↑ enhancement
• This particular model has a further refinement.
• all the refinements of modern technology
260
craftsmanship
استادکاری
the level of skill shown by sb in making sth beautiful with their hands
• The whole house is a monument to her craftsmanship.
261
superbly
excellently, wonderfully, marvelously, splendidly
262
nevertheless
با اينحال ، با اين وجود ، عليرغم ، هنوز
263
immensely
extremely; very much
Syn: ↑ enormously
• immensely popular/difficult/grateful
• We enjoyed ourselves immensely.
264
influential
having a lot of influence on sb/sth
| • a highly influential book
265
landmark
something, such as a large building, that you can see clearly from a distance and that will help you to know where you are
• The Empire State Building is a familiar landmark on the New York skyline.
266
outlandish
strange or extremely unusual
Syn: ↑ bizarre
• outlandish costumes/ideas
267
facade
the front of a building نما
| • a classical facade
268
lattice
شبکه
a structure that is made of strips of wood or metal that cross over each other with spaces shaped like a diamond between them, used, for example, as a fence; any structure or pattern like this
• a low wall of stone latticework
• a lattice of branches
269
beam
```
تیر، شعاع نور
a line of light, electric waves or ↑ particles
• narrow beams of light/sunlight
• the beam of a torch/flashlight
• a laser/electron beam
```
270
extreme
very great in degree
| • We are working under extreme pressure at the moment.
271
plumbing
the system of pipes, etc. that supply water to a building
| • The builders are putting in the plumbing and electrics.
272
praise
تحسين ، پرستش ، تمجيد وستايش کردن ، نيايش کردن ، تعريف کردن ،
273
alter
change, modify
274
occupant
a person who lives or works in a particular house, room, building, etc
275
shelter
protection from rain, danger or attack
• to take shelter from the storm
• The fox was running for the shelter of the trees.
276
lower
located below sth else, especially sth of the same type, or the other of a pair
• the lower deck of a ship
• His lower lip trembled
277
indeed
used to emphasize a positive statement or answer
• ‘Was he very angry?’ ‘Indeed he was.’
• ‘Do you agree?’ ‘Indeed I do/Yes, indeed.’
278
dome
گنبدی شکل
279
thatch
سقف شاليپوش ، شالى و برگ (در پوشش بام) ، کاه وپيزر مخصوص اندود وپوشش بام ، کاهگل ، کاه پوش کردن ، کاه اندود کردن
280
twist
to bend or turn sth into a particular shape
• Twist the wire to form a circle.
• Her hair was twisted into a knot on top of her head.
281
encircle
to surround sb/sth completely in a circle
• Jack's arms encircled her waist.
• Snow covered the encircling hills.
282
buried
interred, placed in the ground and covered with earth
283
feature
something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing
• An interesting feature of the city is the old market.
• Teamwork is a key feature of the training programme.
284
synonyms
word which has the same or almost the same meaning as another
285
wealthy
having a lot of money, possessions, etc.
Syn: ↑ rich
• a wealthy nation
286
timber
trees that are grown to be used in building or for making things
• the timber industry
287
knock down
تخریب، زدن با تانک يا توپ هواپيما ، باضربت بزمين کوبيدن ، گيج کردن ، مجزا کردن
adjective only before noun (informal)
1. (of prices, etc.) much lower than usual
Syn: ↑ rock-bottom
• The industry employs illegal immigrants at knock-down wages.
288
plain
```
تخت، صاف، هموار
adjective (plain·er, plain·est)
1. easy to see or understand
Syn: ↑ clear
• The facts were plain to see.
2. not trying to trick anyone; honest and direct
• The plain fact is that nobody really knows.
3. not decorated or complicated; simple
• a plain but elegant dress
• plain food
• plain yogurt (= without sugar or fruit)
compare ↑ fancy
4. without marks or a pattern on it
noun (also plains plural)
a large area of flat land
adverb (informal) used to emphasize how bad, stupid, etc. sth is
• plain stupid/wrong
```
289
obligation
the state of being forced to do sth because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc
• You are under no obligation to buy anything.
• She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth.
290
dam
a barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water from flowing, used especially to make a ↑ reservoir (= a lake for storing water) or to produce electricity
• the Narmada dam in India
291
excursion
a short journey made for pleasure, especially one that has been organized for a group of people
• They've gone on an excursion to York.
• There are regular weekend excursions throughout the summer.
292
obvious
easy to see or understand
Syn: ↑ clear
• It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.
293
resist
مقاومت کردن ، پايدارى کردن ، ايستادگى کردن ، استقامت کردن ،
to refuse to accept sth and try to stop it from happening
Syn: ↑ oppose
• ~ (sth) to resist change
• They are determined to resist pressure to change the law.
294
violent
تند ، سخت ، شديد
| Her husband was a violent man
295
resident
a person who lives in a particular place or who has their home there
• a resident of the United States
296
impact
the powerful effect that sth has on sb/sth
| • the environmental impact of tourism
297
inspire
الهام بخشیدن
to give sb the desire, confidence or enthusiasm to do sth well
• ~ sb (with sth) The actors inspired the kids with their enthusiasm.
298
coral reef
ساحل مرجانی
299
afford
(usually used with can, could or be able to, especially in negative sentences or questions) to have enough money or time to be able to buy or to do sth
• ~ sth Can we afford a new car?
300
apologetic
adjective/ feeling or showing that you are sorry for doing sth wrong or for causing a problem
• ‘Sorry,’ she said, with an apologetic smile.
301
circumstance
شرایط
302
eventually
at the end of a period of time or a series of events
303
fuselage
بدنه هواپيما
304
ban
sth to decide or say officially that sth is not allowed
Syn: ↑ prohibit
• a campaign to ban smoking in public places
305
exahust
waste gases that come out of a vehicle, an engine or a machine
• car exhaust fumes/emissions
306
resistance
dislike of or opposition to a plan, an idea, etc; refusal to obey
307
carry out
= ↑ takeaway
• Let's get a carry-out.
• carry-out coffees انجام دادن
308
afterward
at a later time; after an event that has already been mentioned
• Afterwards she was sorry for what she'd said.
• Let's go out now and eat afterwards.
309
reveal
اشکار کردن ، فاش کردن ، معلوم کردن
to make sth known to sb
Syn: ↑ disclose
• ~ sth (to sb) to reveal a secret
310
prosper
to develop in a successful way; to be successful, especially in making money
Syn: ↑ thrive
• The economy prospered under his administration.
• She seems to be prospering since she moved out of the city.
311
appliance
دستگاه
312
Unwilling
not wanting to do sth and refusing to do it
| • They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project.
313
convenience
the quality of being useful, easy or suitable for sb
| • We have provided seats for the convenience of our customers
314
instructional
adj. that teaches people sth
| • instructional materials
315
activist
a person who works to achieve political or social change, especially as a member of an organization with particular aims
• gay activists
316
accumulate
v. sth to gradually get more and more of sth over a period of time
Syn: ↑ amass
• I seem to have accumulated a lot of books.
317
persist
اصرار کردن ، ايستادگى
318
immense
adj. extremely large or great
Syn: ↑ enormous
• There is still an immense amount of work to be done.
• The benefits are immense.
319
appeal
درخواست
320
imitation
a copy of sth, especially sth expensive
| • a poor/cheap imitation of the real thing
321
cite
sth (as sth) to mention sth as a reason or an example, or in order to support what you are saying
322
Widespread
همه جانبه
| گسترده
