Vocab 1 Flashcards by Taegan Neeley

The idea that the environment can meet the needs of the current generation without sacrificing the needs of future generations

Sustainability

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Any material or substance provided by the environment for humans to use

Natural Resource

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The individual will sacrifice the long-term good of the society to satisfy their immediate, short-term needs

Tragedy of the Commons

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Management of a finite resource in order to reach sustainable conditions for current and future generations

Conservation

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Study of how people use their limited resources to satisfy their needs

Economics

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Resources provided by the environment for production and consumption of goods and services

Natural capital

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Includes all living organisms and the physical environment they occupy

Ecosystem

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Resources and processes supplied by natural ecosystems as a result of the cycling of energy and matter

Ecosystem services

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Anything that has mass and occupies space

Matter

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Matter with constant volume and constant shape (does not deform under pressure)

Solid

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Matter with constant volume but has no definite shape (assumes the shape of its container)

Liquid

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Matter with indefinite volume and shape (assumes both the size and shape of its container)

Gas

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Smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of that element

Atom

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Pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom that makes up all matter

Element

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Positively charged elements

Cations

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Negatively charged elements

Anions

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Group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Molecules

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Capacity or ability to do work; two main forms: potential and kinetic

Energy

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Done when force is applied to an object and that object moves a given distance in the direction of the force

Work

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Any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change

Force

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Stored energy

Potential energy

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Energy of motion

Kinetic energy

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Description of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

Temperature

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Energy transfer from one body to another

Heat

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Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius

Heat capacity

Consists of multiple interacting parts with defined boundaries

System

Everything outside of the system

Surroundings

Isolated system that doesn't exchange energy with its surroundings

Closed system

Exchanges energy with surroundings (all natural systems are this)

Open system

Measure of randomness of a system (amount of energy lost)

Entropy

Production of organic molecules from inorganic substances

Photosynthesis

Occurs when organisms use stored sugars to perform work and release energy

Cell respiration

Manufacture organic molecules from simple inorganic substances using energy of sunlight

Producer (autotrophs)

Organisms that use the bodies of other organisms as a food source

Consumer (heterotroph)

Break down dead organic material for energy

Decomposer

Describes close and often long-term interactions between different biological species

Symbiosis

Any interaction between two species that benefits both

Mutualism

Relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

Commensalism

Relationship between two different kinds or organisms in which the parasite receives benefits from the other by causing damage to its host

Parasitism

Process by which organisms vie for environment resources

Competition

All interactions in which one organism consumes all or part of another

Predation

Position or role of an organism in its ecosystem: how an organism makes a living and how it in turn affects other organisms

Ecological niche

Ecological change in an area where no biological organisms previously existed

Primary succession

Ecological change in an area after a disturbance (natural disaster)

Secondary succession

Amount of sunlight striking the Earth's surface

Insolation

Reflectivity of materials

Albedo

Process by which deep water currents are produced due to density and temperature differences of the water

Thermohaline circulation

Solidify and crystallize from magma either deep within the Earth or at the Earth's surface

Igneous rock

Occur when changes in pressure and temperature alter pre-existing rocks to produce new ones

Metamorphic rock

Form when pieces of other rocks are cemented together or from biochemical processes

Sedimentary rock

Outer, rocky portion of the Earth that contains the oceanic crust, continental crust, and the upper area of the mantle; it is brittle and rigid

Lithosphere

Mid-layer of the mantle; due to great pressure and heat, rocks here behave like semi-plastic: they can be bent and stretched

Asthenosphere

Plates move apart from each other; new molten rock upwells here to create new crust

Divergent plate boundaries

Plates collide into each other - different densities create subduction zones

Convergent plate boundaries

Plates move horizontally past each other

Transform plate boundaries

Movement of heat in the mantle; determines direction and speed of plates

Mantle convection

Areas where rocks fracture and one side moves relative to the other

Faults

Vibration caused by the sudden release of energy within the subsurface

Earthquake

Force applied to an object that results in strain

Stress

Deformation in rocks; can be either brittle or ductile

Strain

Results in rupture in the Earth (faults)

Brittle deformation

Plastic deformation; results in folds

Ductile deformation

Opening in the Earth's crust which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface

Volcano

Areas where magma from the mantle upwells to the surface

Hot spots

Steep-sided volcanoes that erupt explosively but infrequently

Stratovolcanoes

Large, low-profile cones built from basaltic lava

Shield volcanoes

Study of matter and the transformations of matter

Chemistry

Study of energy and its transformations

Thermodynamics

Study of relationships between organisms and how organisms interact with their environment

Ecology

Movement of water from the atmosphere down to the Earth's surface

Precipitation

Movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere

Evaporation

Movement of water across the Earth's surface

Runoff

Movement of water from the Earth's surface to its sub-surface

Infiltration

Involve the transport and transformation of pure chemical substances throughout the Earth

Biogeochemical Cycles

Invisible layer of gases that surround the Earth held in place by gravity

Atmosphere

Earth's four spheres

- atmosphere - hydrosphere - biosphere - lithosphere

Vocab 1 Flashcards

(76 cards)