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Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

3’-UTR

A

sequence of nucleotides at the 3’ end that are not translated to amino acids
- affects stability of mRNA
- regulates translation of mRNA protein coding sequence

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2
Q

5′ UTR

A

nucleotide sequence at 5’ end
- does not encode amino acids

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3
Q

antibiotics

A

stop growth or kill bacteria

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4
Q

Competent

A

ability to take up DNA from environment

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5
Q

Contigs

A

DNA sequences/segments that overlap in a way that provides a continuous representation of a genomic region

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6
Q

CRISPR

A

foreign DNA defense for bacteria and archaea
- molecular tool for precisely cutting DNA –> can edit the genome

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7
Q

Depurination

A

loss of purine (A or G)

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8
Q

Dicer

A

enzyme that initiates silencing of RNA
- recognizes double-stranded RNA and cuts into small RNAs

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9
Q

Euchromatin

A

chromatin that undergoes normal process of condensation and decondensation in the course of the cell cycle

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10
Q

Exons

A

parts of gene that encode amino acids of a protein

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11
Q

Germline

A

reproductive cells
- i.e. germline mutation: mutation in reproductive cells

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12
Q

Glycine

A

simplest stable amino acid

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13
Q

Heatmap

A

color and intensity of boxes represent change in gene expression
row represents gene
column represents sample
Green means downregulated
red is upregulated
Color intensity indicates amount of change
Genes are clustered by their similar response
Patterns
Genes in a cluster are compared for related functions

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14
Q

Heterochromatin

A

chromatin that remains in highly condensed state throughout cell cycle
- found at centromeres and telomeres of most chromatins

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15
Q

histone acetylation

A

neutralizes charge on histones
- chromatin relaxed
- allows greater levels of gene transcription

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16
Q

Introns

A

noncoding sequences
- usually cut out

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17
Q

Ligase

A

enzyme that catalyzes formation of phosphodiester between adjacent 5’ oh and 3’ phosphate groups without adding another nucleotide to the strand]

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18
Q

Looping

A
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19
Q

loxP

A

cre: recombinase enzyme, recognizes loxp sequences, cuts out sequences in between them

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20
Q

Methylated

A

DNA molecule that has methyl groups added to it

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21
Q

Methylation

A

process of adding methyl groups to DNA molecule

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22
Q

Missense (mutation)

A

base substitution that results in different amino acid in protein encoded

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23
Q

Nonsense

A

stop codon
- nonsense mutation that results in stop codon

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24
Q

Palindromes

A

DNA sequence that reads the same in both directions
usually where endonuclease cuts incoming viral DNA

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25
Plasmid
small DNA segment
25
Primase
enzyme that synthesizes short segments RNA nucleotides (primers) - provides 3' OH group for attachment of DNA nucleotide
26
Probe
__________ sequence is annealed to target Rate depends on length of _________ sequence -_________ may be labeled for detection Labeled _________ hybridizes to mRNA in cells
27
Proline
_____________ is rigid - _____________ (inflexible) are important for turns
28
Promoter
DNA sequence that initiates transcription indicates: - direction of transcription - which of two strands is read as template - starting point of transcription
29
Reversion
alteration in DNA that reverses the effects of a prior mutation
30
RISC
RNA induced silencing complex small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) with proteins that can cleave mRNA - leads to degredation of mRNA or repression of its translation
31
RNA-Seq
Determines identity and quantity of every RNA in sample. RNA is extracted, converted to cDNA. Sequencing adaptors are added. Mass sequencing and Single cell sequencing is possible
32
Transduction
bacteriophages carry DNA from one bacterium to another - infect and kill cell --> picks up DNA from cell --> transfers to next cell it tries to infect
33
Transformation
bacterium takes up DNA from environment
34
Translocation
segment of chromosome switched exchanged with segment of another chromosome
35
Vectors
DNA fragments used to carry DNA to other cells
36
forced cloning
cut both plasmids and insert with 2 enzymes
37
Central dogma
DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
38
Centromeres
microtubules attach to kinetochore at __________ _____________ has many highly repeated sequences, Few genes
39
Codominance
heterozygote has both traits i.e. ABO blood type and flower color
40
Enveloped
inside membrane __________ viruses are less stable in the environment
41
Epistatic
masks the effect of a different hypostatic gene
42
Epistatic
masks the effect of a different hypostatic gene
43
Frameshift
The ________ to a new reading frame results in a different protein
44
G1/S
cell monitors size and DNA integrity. Is the cell's DNA intact and suitable for replication?
45
G2/S
makes sure chromosomes have replicated properly
46
Homologous
__________ chromosomes act independently in mitosis (but not in meiosis) 1st meiotic division: __________ chromosomes separate
47
Host range
Viruses have a ____ _____ i.e., need the right receptor Segments 4 and 6 are used to classify viruses e.g., H1N1. These specify ____ _____, encoding surface proteins Some viruses have a broad ____ _____ e.g., rabies
48
immediate early genes
take over host metabolism
49
Independent
Homologous chromosomes act _________ in mitosis (but not in meiosis)
50
Kinetochores
nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle anchors to _________
51
LTR
long terminal repeat - pair of identical sequences of DNA ________ is involved in integration in host genome. _________ on either end contains the promoter Note that downstream ________ may turn on downstream genes
52
monohybrid cross
in a ________ __________ parents differ in a single trait, which breed true, F1 generation all one trait – dominant, F2 generation – 3:1 ratio
53
Penetrance
percentage of phenotypes actually expressed within population that has genotype Phenotypes are not always expressed: ________, expressed as a percentage
54
Proband
the person from whom the pedigree is initiated individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied
55
Pseudoautosomal
Parts of Y chromosome (_________ regions) are homologous to X, come together in meiosis _________ regions attends of y chromosome Crosses indicate _________ regions, where crossovers can occur
56
reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
57
Sister
Anaphase: _______ chromatids separate 2nd meiotic division: _______ chromatids separate
58
Sry
gene that turns on other genes to initiate the program of testis development gene on Y chromosome that determines maleness Spiny rat has no Y chromosome and no ____ gene
59
Testcross
If you don’t know the genotype e.g., T_, how can you determine it by crossing? Cross with homozygous recessive i.e., tt
60
X-linked
Red-green colorblindness is a _______ recessive trait In Drosophila, ______ genes are expressed twice as much
61
Acrocentric
Describes a chromosome whose centromere is placed very close to, but not at, one end
62
Allopolyploidy
chromosome sets from different species Hybridization between different but related species Hybrid is diploid, has 2 copies of the information to make a plant (2n). But it’s sterile. - Abnormal segregation in meiosis Rarely, nondisjunction creates an allotetraploid (4n) Produces functional gametes - Cabbage-radish hybrid
63
Autopolyploidy
all chromosome sets come from a single species - Can occur in mitosis – if cell division doesn’t occur This is an autotetraploid cell Can be chemically induced
64
Carrier
a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele
65
Coupling
(cis configuration): one chromosome contains both wild-type alleles, one chromosome contains both mutant alleles
66
Deamination
Methylation protects C from _____________ - Spontaneous or chemically-induced. Changes an amino group to a ketone.
67
Double crossovers
reduce apparent distance between loci; looks like a nonrecombinant, which skews the numbers
68
Expressivity
degree to which different phenotypes are expressed
69
Genetic bottleneck
rastic reduction in population size Loss of alleles. Survivors may not reflect original population
70
Genetic drift
the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance loss of alleles causes of __________: founder effect and bottleneck
71
Haplotype
area of linked genetic variations in the human genome Set of SNPs on a region of DNA, Generally inherited together and used for mapping genes When a trait-causing mutation occurs, that person has a particular ______ i.e., a set of SNP genotypes in the immediate vicinity of the gene. That ______ will be inherited as a unit through the generations (LD)
72
Hemimethylated
Repair enzymes detect abnormal base-pairing at mismatch in newly replicated DNA. How does it distinguish old from new DNA? Bacterial DNA is methylated on A at GA*TC sites. New DNA is ______________.
73
Hypomorph
Loss-of-function mutations have partial function
74
Hypostatic
gene that is masked by another gene (epistatic) An epistatic gene masks the effect of a different _________ gene means underneath
75
Incomplete dominance
heterozygote has intermediate phenotype
76
Nonrecombinants
no recombination similar to original/parent DNA Most gametes will contain _______________ strategy in 3-point testcross: Determine the __________ Highest number of progeny, Determine the double recombinants. Lowest number of progeny, Determine the middle gene from this
77
Overdominance
Heterozygote advantage
78
Reciprocal
Duplications and deletions can be caused by improper lining up at meiosis. Possibly by synapsis at repeated sequences. These are _________ rearrangements.- In translocations, pieces move between chromosomes Generally ___________ translocations - Recombination between non-homologous chromosomes. May be at repeated sequences Generally ___________ translocations
79
Repulsion
(trans configuration): wild-type allele and mutant allele are found on the same chromosome.
80
Robertsonian
Between 2 acrocentric chromosomes. Result is 45 chromosomes. May be viable if small chromosome lacks essential genes
81
Somatic
body cells, diploid ______ mutations are not passed down
82
Telocentric
centromere at end All mouse (but not rat) chromosomes are _________. Humans have no _________ chromosomes

Genetics (5 decks)

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