Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO-102 Unit 3 > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Transformation

A

Process by which cells take up DNA molecules from their surroundings and then express genes present on that DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Translation

A

Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transcription

A

Process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesise a complimentary RNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA

A

Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from 2 separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cells store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RNA

A

Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of informational, structural, catalytic and regulatory functions in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Are polynucleotides —> long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ribose

A

a sugar that forms the backbone of a very important molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deoxyribose

A

a pentose sugar important in the formation of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleoside

A

a structural subunit of nucleic acids, the heredity-controlling components of all living cells, consisting of a molecule of sugar linked to a nitrogen-containing organic ring compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nucleotide

A

Basic building block of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA; a nucleoside linked to a phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polynucleotide

A

polymer composed of several nucleotides linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Purine

A

a heterocyclic aromatic compound composed of a pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring fused together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pyriminide

A

a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is composed of carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

A weak non-covalent interaction between a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Base pairing

A

2 complimentary nucleotides in a RNA or DNA molecule that are held together by hydrogen bonds (A and T) (G and C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Double helix

A

Typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the 2 polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Antiparallel

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Antiparallel

A

if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Complementary

A

Describes 2 molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form noncovalent bonds with each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5’ end

A

the end of the DNA or RNA strand that has the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring of the deoxyribose or ribose at its terminus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3’ end

A

terminating at the hydroxyl group of the third carbon in the sugar-ring, and is known as the tail end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

RNA transcript

A

RNA molecule produced by transcription that is complementary to 1 strand of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
RNA polymerase
enzyme that catalyse the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template using ribonucleoside triphosphate
26
gene expression
the process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity
27
transcription
process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesise a complementary RNA sequence
28
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
29
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic core of the ribosome
30
transfer RNA (tRNA)
small RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor that "reads" a codon in mRNA and adds the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain
31
promoter
DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription; includes sequences recognised by RNA polymerase and its accessory proteins
32
sigma factor
multi-domain subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) that play critical roles in transcription initiation, including the recognition and opening of promoters as well as the initial steps in RNA synthesis
33
transcription factor
transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA
34
template strand
the strand that is used during transcription to produce RNA
35
non-template strand
coding strand because its sequence will be the same as that of the new RNA molecule
36
upstream
The region that lies towards the 5' end of the DNA coding strand
37
downstream
The region of the coding strand towards the three prime ends
38
terminator
genetic parts that usually occur at the end of a gene or operon and cause transcription to stop
39
RNA capping
the modification of the 5' end of a maturing RNA transcript by the addition of an atypical nucleotide
40
polyadenylation
the addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of the newly synthesised mRNA molecule
41
poly-A-tail
a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule
42
pre-mRNA
a single-stranded nucleic acid
43
intron
noncoding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into a RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce a mRNA
44
exon
segment of a eukaryotic cell that is transcribed into RNA and dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein
45
RNA splicing
process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules during the formation of a mature messenger RNA
46
spliceosome
a large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA
47
alternative splicing
the production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the same gene by splicing its RNA transcripts in different ways
48
reading frame
one of the 3 possible ways in which a set of successive nucleotide triplets can be translated into protein, depending on which nucleotide serves as the starting point
49
codon
group of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid or that starts and stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA
50
anticodon
set of 3 consecutive nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that recognises, through base-pairing, the 3-nucleotide codon on a mRNA molecule; this interaction helps to deliver the correct amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain
51
ribosome
large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins, that translates a mRNA into a polypeptide chain
52
charged (aminoacyl) tRNA
tRNA to which its cognate amino acid is chemically bonded (charged)
53
A (aminoacyl) site
a binding site for charged t-RNA molecules during protein synthesis
54
P (peptidyl) site
the second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome
55
E (exit) site
Site on the ribosome through which tRNAs pass after they have donated their amino acid to the growing nascent polypeptide chain
56
start codon (AUG)
the initial set of codons in an mRNA transcript that is translated by a ribosome
57
stop codon
a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell
58
N-terminus
the end of a polypeptide chain that carries a free delta-amino group
59
C-terminus
the end of a polypeptide chain that carries a free carboxyl group
60
peptide bond
covalent chemical bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the second amino acid
61
translocation
A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
62
release factors
a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognising the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence
63
chaperones
proteins that guide proteins along the proper pathways for folding
64
polypeptide
chain of amino acids
65
protein
macromolecule built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities
66
conformation
precise, three-dimensional shape of a protein or other macromolecule, based on spatial location of its atoms in relation to one another
67
covalent bonds
stable chemical link between 2 atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of electrons
68
noncovalent bonds
chemical association that does not involve the sharing of electrons; they are relatively weak, but they can sum together to produce strong, highly specific interactions between molecules
69
hydrogen bonds
a weak noncovalent interaction between a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged atom
70
ionic bonds
interaction formed when one atom donates electrons to another; this transfer of electrons causes both atoms to become electrically charged
71
polypeptide backbone
repeating sequence of the atoms (-N-C-C-) that form the core of a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached
72
hydrophobic interactions
a kind of property of nonpolar molecules (or hydrophobic moieties of amphiphiles), which can drive these molecules to assemble to form anhydrous domains in aqueous solution
72
amino acid
small organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, it serves as the building block of proteins
73
carboxyl group
a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, namely, hydroxyl (single-bonded OH) and carbonyl (double bonded O) groups
74
amino group
a functional group that consists of a single nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
75
side chain (R group)
76
condensation reaction
chemical reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between 2 molecules as water is expelled; used to bind polymers, such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids
77
amino acid sequence
the order of the amino acid subunits in a protein chain
78
electrophoresis
technique for separating a mixture of proteins or DNA fragments by placing them on a polymer gel and subjecting them to a electric field. the molecules migrate through the gel at different speeds depending on their size and net charge
79
malaria
a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
80
morbidity
having a disease or a symptom of disease, or to the amount of disease within a population
81
mortality
death
82
heterozygote
having inherited different versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent
83
homozygote
an organism with identical pairs of genes (or alleles) for a specific trait
84
genotype
the genetic makeup of a cell or organism, including which alleles it carries
85
phenotype
the observable characteristics of a cell or organism
86
anemia
a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells
87
signal sequence
amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific location in a cell, such as a nucleus or mitochondria
88
protein translocator
a transmembrane protein located on the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM) and mainly expressed in glial cells in the brain.
89
transport vesicle
membrane vesicle that carries protein from one intracellular compartment to another
90
nuclear pore
channel through which selected large molecules move between nucleus and the cytoplasm
91
rough endoplasmic reticulum
region of the endoplasmic recticulum associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins
92
clathrin
protein that makes up the coat of a type of transport vesicle that buds from either the golgi apparatus or from the plasma membrane
93
glycosylation
the attachment of carbohydrates to the backbone of a protein through an enzymatic reaction
94
unfolded protein response
molecular program triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. allows cells to expand the endoplasmic reticulum and produce more of the molecular machinery needed to restore proper protein folding and processing

BIO-102 Unit 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions