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IT-200: Fundamentals > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What does HCI stand for and what does it mean?

A

Human-Computer Reaction

It is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computer are or are not developed for successful interaction

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2
Q

What is affordance?

A

The way something looks should indicate how it can be manipulated

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3
Q

What is visibility?

A

The function of all controls one will interact with should be clearly marked

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4
Q

What is Iterative Design?

A

It’s a developer method.

Repeated cycles of feedback and analysis to improve before publicly launching

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5
Q

What does GUI stand for and what does it mean?

A

Graphical User Interface

Interface where users interact with visuals instead of command lines

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6
Q

What is an input?

A

A tool that delivers data from user to machine (keyboard, mouse)

OR

Information that a user physically enters into a computer through some key or button

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7
Q

What is an output?

A

A tool that delivers data from machine to user (monitor)

OR

Information that a computer returns to a user such as images on a screen, sounds from a speaker, and printed pages

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8
Q

What is processing?

A

The operations performed by a computer to retrieve, transform, or classify information

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9
Q

What is storage?

A

The saving of information on memory chips, discs, or other storage media by a computer for later use

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10
Q

What is Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine and what was it used for?

A

An early computing machine that used punched cards and metal pins. It was used to compile the 1890 US census.

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11
Q

What is a transistor?

A

A smaller, faster, cheaper, and more durable electronic device that replaced mechanical relays, which were slow and tended to wear down over time.

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12
Q

What is a microchip and what was its biggest achievement?

A

An electronic device that allowed entire computers to be built into a single board, replacing modules for each part of the computer. Microchips paved the way for personal computer ownership.

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13
Q

What is WWW?

A

The World Wide Web. A system for making digital resources publicly available over the internet using a web browser that paved the way for email, chatrooms, and social media sites.

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14
Q

What is a smartphone?

A

A mobile phone that functions as a computer and allows users to access the internet

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15
Q

What are supercomputers and what’s their importance?

A

The fastest, most powerful computers that exist at a given time. These computers have processing capabilities designed to solve problems that are too complex for regular computers. They play vital roles in the advancement of national defense, science, and social change

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16
Q

What is the decimal system?

A

A numbering system that uses ten digits, 0-9

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17
Q

What is the binary system?

A

A numbering system that uses two digits, 0 and 1

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18
Q

What is the hexadecimal system?

A

A numbering system that uses sixteen digits, 0-9 and A-F

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19
Q

What is a bit?

A

The smallest unit of digital information, represented by a 1 or 0 in a binary sequence

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20
Q

What is a byte?

A

A group of eight bits joined together. The value of a single byte can range from 0 (eight 0s) to 255 (eight 1s)

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21
Q

What is digital data?

A

A physical signal, such as test, numbers, graphics, or sound, interpreted by converting it into binary numbers

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22
Q

What are encoded integers?

A

The representation of integers using a group of bytes. Normally, one bit in one of the bytes represents the sign, 1 for negative and 0 for positive. The remaining 31 bits are used to encode the number itself using binary digits

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23
Q

What is encoded text?

A

The representation of text by assigning a unique binary code to each character

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24
Q

What is processor speed?

A

The speed at which a computer processes information, as measured by the number of cycles per second (Hertz) that the computer’s CPU operates at

Processor speed is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, and gigahertz

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25
What is storage space?
The measurement in bytes of the volume that a storage device can contain Storage space is measured in kilobytes (1024 bytes), megabytes (1024 kilobytes), gigabytes (1024 megabytes), and terabytes (1024 gigabytes)
26
What is throughput?
The measurement in bits per second that information is transferred through a network from one computer to another Throughput is measured in Kbps (kilobits per second), Mbps (megabits per second), and Gbps (gigabits per second)
27
What is ASCII?
Pronounced ask-ee Short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange The most common format for text files in computers on the internet where each character is represented by a unique 7-bit binary code. Extended ASCII uses an 8-bit binary code and allows for international characters
28
What is unicode?
An international 16-bit encoding standard that accommodates character sets from multiple languages, with each letter, digit, or symbol being assigned a unique numeric value
29
What is one kilobyte (KB) equal to?
1,000 bytes
30
What is one megabyte (MB) equal to?
One million bytes of information 1 megabyte = 1,000 kilobytes
31
What is one gigabyte (GB) equal to?
One gigabyte is one billion bytes One gigabyte = 1,000 megabytes
32
What is one terabyte (TB) equal to?
One terabyte = 1,000 gigabytes
33
What is a sample?
The part of a sound wave that is captured, measured, and assigned a numeric value during digital sound recording
34
What is bit depth?
The amount of memory used to store the numeric value of a sound sample during digital recording
35
What is sampling rate?
The number of individual samples taken each second during digital sound recording
36
What is frame rate?
The number of images, or frames, that are taken each second during digital video recording
37
What is resolution?
The number of pixels in the width and height of each frame in a digital video recording
38
What is color depth?
The amount of memory the computer uses to display colors in a digital image or a digital video
39
With is RGB display?
A display on a computer monitor that is made up of sets of tiny red, green, and blue (RGB) lights, each set combining to make a pixel
40
What are raster images?
Images stored by dividing a picture into rows of pixels and collecting the color values of each pixel, in order, row-by-row
41
What are vector images?
Images stored by mathematically describing the shapes in the image Ex: A circle might be stored as a center point and the distance from the center point to the circle's edge Ex: A square is stored as four lines, each with a beginning point and a length.
42
What is file compression?
A way of reducing the size of files, making them easier to store
43
What is lossless compression?
A compression algorithm, such as GIF, PNG, PDF, and ZIP, that doesn't affect the original data
44
What is lossy compression?
A compression algorithm, such as JPG, MP3, and MP4, that slightly alters the data to make it easier to store, taking advantage of the limitations of human sight and hearing
45
What is run-length encoding?
A common lossless compression algorithm that looks for repeated patterns of bits or bytes and records the pattern and then number of times the pattern is repeated
46
What is compression artifact?
A patch of pixels in a compressed image or video that have less visible detail than the rest of the image
47
What is bitrate?
Kilobits of audio data processed each second
48
What are video codecs?
Pieces of software that either compress or decompress digital media
49
What are wireframes?
The first step in designing a 3D model which provides the outline of the model, including only the vertices and lines without including any surfaces, textures, or lighting
50
What is rendering?
The second step in designing a 3D model which converts the models into 2D images on a computer
51
What is ray tracing?
An advanced rendering method that is used to create incredibly realistic lighting effects for things like video games and movies
52
What is a desktop?
A popular type of computer system that can be equipped with peripheral devices such as a monitor, keyboard, mouse, and speakers
53
Notebook/Laptop
A small computer that combines a display and keyboard and is designed to be easily carried
54
What is a mobile device?
Small computing devices such as tablets and smart phones that are much more portable than desktops and laptops
55
What is bus
The most important part of any modern computer system; it controls the other parts of the computer.
56
What is a CPU and what does it stand for?
Central Processing Unit The most important part of any modern computer system; it controls the other parts of the computer.
57
What is RAM and what does it stand for?
Random Access Memory The main memory of a computer that can be quickly accessed by the CPU. It is where the computer stores data and instructions that it is actively using.
58
What is a motherboard
A large, flat computer component that connects the important components of the computer, such as the CPU, RAM, and the BIOS chip. It also has power and other communications connections.
59
What is a power supply
A unit that supplies electricity to the motherboard and other computer components.
60
What is a GPU and what does it stand for?
Graphics Processing Unit An additional computer processor that provides graphics processing. It improves performance by relieving the CPU of this duty.
61
What is NIC and what does it stand for?
Network Interface Card A component, sometimes built into and sometimes plugged into the motherboard, that provides network connectivity.
62
What is a cooling system
Components, including heat sinks and fans, that keep computer components from overheating.
63
What is electrostatic discharge
An event in which two objects with different charge levels come together resulting in an electrostatic shock.
64
What is the fetch-execute cycle
A three-step cycle (fetch, decode, and execute) that processors use to execute instructions.
65
What are X86 processors
A family of processors manufactured by Intel and AMD that use a common instruction set (list of commands that the processor can execute).
66
What is ARM and what does it stand for
Advanced Risc Machines A family of processors most often used in smartphones due to its lower power requirements. This is accomplished by reducing the processors' instruction set.
67
What is an expansion card
A circuit board that connects to a computer's motherboard, giving it additional power or functionality.
68
What is a heat sink
A computer component that attaches to a chip (such as a CPU) that disperses heat and prevents overheating.
69
What is air cooling
A common method of cooling that uses fans to move hot air out of a system.
70
What is water cooling
A liquid-cooled system that places a water-cooled heat exchanger near a heat source. The exchanger removes the heat, reducing the air temperature.
71
What is active-liquid heat sink
A cooling system composed of a liquid heat sink, internal liquid pump, a fan, and a radiator that all actively pump liquid in and out with no help from an outside pumping system.
72

IT-200: Fundamentals (3 decks)

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