Vocab Flashcards
The assumption underlying alphabetic writing systems that each speech sound or phoneme of a language should have its own distinctive graphic representation, which is a letter or group of letters of the alphabet.
Alphabetic Principle
A bound (nonword) morpheme that changes the meaning or function of a root or stem to which it is attached, as the prefix ad- and the suffix -ing in adjoining.
Affix
A whole-to-part approach to word study in which the student is first taught a number of sight words and then relevant phonic generalizations, which are subsequently applied to other words; deductive phonics.
Analytic Phonics
The ability to fuse discrete phonemes into recognizable spoken words.
Auditory Blending
The ability to hear phonetic likenesses and differences in phonemes and words and to distinguish among the sounds.
Auditory Discrimination
The full range of mental activity involved in reacting to auditory stimuli, especially sounds, and in considering their meanings in relation to past experiences ad to their future use.
Auditory Processing
The ability to recognize a word (or series of words) in a text effortlessly and rapidly.
Automaticity
A collection of student texts and workbooks, teacher’s manuals, and supplemental materials used for development of reading/ language arts and sometimes writing instruction, used chiefly in the elementary and middle school grades.
Basal Reading Program
To combine the sounds represented by letters to pronounce a word; to sound out; the instance of two or more consonants appearing together in a word but each of the consonant sounds remaining and independent phoneme.
Blend
The essence and ultimate purpose of reading, comprehension is the ability to gain meaning from what is read. The hierarchy of comprehension skills ranges from concrete to abstract, and it includes levels such as literal, inferential, analytical, and evaluative. The various levels of comprehension skills are also referred to as lower-order and higher-order skills.
Comprehension
Familiarity with print conventions, such as reading left to right, top to bottom; the direction of print on a page; the use of spaces to denote words; the idea that print represents words and punctuation. An important predictor of learning to read.
Concepts of Print
- A speech sound made by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, which obstructs air flow and causes audible friction in varying amounts; 2. Letters of the alphabet that are not vowels
Consonants
Information from the immediate textual setting that helps identify a word or word group, as by recognizing words, phrases, sentence illustrations, syntax, typography, etc.
Context Clue
A cueing system can include any of the various sources of information that might aid identification of a word unrecognized at first glance. These are cues that every good read uses to decode words in the context of the text to help predict or guess. The three main cueing systems are: 1. semantics (meaning), 2. syntax (syntactical or structural), and 3. grapho-phonemic (visual or letter-sound information).
Cueing System
The appraisal of student progress by using materials and procedures directly from the curriculum taught
Curriculum- Based Assessment
A type of text used in beginning reading instruction, often from Little Books, for the purpose of fluency practice. Decodable text can be independently decoded or sounded out based on what they student knows. The text contains many repetitions of sounds and phonic elements that students have already been taught along with a limited number of high-frequency words.
Decodable Text
To analyze spoken or graphic symbols of a familiar language in order to ascertain their intended meaning. Note: to learn to read, one must learn the conventional code in which something is written in order to decode the written message. In reading practice, the term is used primarily to refer to word identification rather than to identify higher units of meaning.
Decode
A series of strategies used selectively by readers to recognize and read written words. The reader locates cues (e.g. letter-sound correspondences) in a word that reveals enough about it to help in pronouncing it and attaching meaning to it.
Decoding
The act, process, or result of identifying the specific nature of a disorder or disability through observation and examination. Note: Technically, diagnosis means only the identification and labeling of a disorder. As the term is used in education, however, it often includes the planning of instruction and an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the student.
Diagnosis
The use of the results of student performance on current task to plan future learning activities; instruction in which diagnosis and instruction are fused into a single ongoing process.
Diagnostic Teaching
A test used to analyze strengths and weaknesses in content oriented skills. Note: Diagnostic tests may permit comparison among several subabilities of the same individuals and sometimes comparisons of strong and weak points of a group or class. Available instruments for the diagnosis of reading difficulties vary widely in the thoroughness of analysis they permit and the specific procedures followed.
Diagnostic Test
A combination of two letter, either consonants or vowels, representing a single speech sound. The consonant digraphs in English are th, sh, ch, and wh, ph, ck, tch.
Digraph
A vowel sound produced when the tongue moves or glides from one vowel sound toward another vowel or semivowel sound in the same syllable, a /i/ in buy and and vowel sounds in boy and bough. A vowel diphthong is represented by two or more vowels together.
Diphthong
A medical term for a developmental reading disability, which is presumably congenital and often hereditary, and which may vary in degree from mild to severe. Note: Dyslexia, originally called word blindness occurs in persons who have adequate vision, hearing, intelligence, and general language functions. People with dyslexia frequently have difficulty in spelling and in acquiring a second language, suggesting that dyslexia is part of a broad type of language disability. Difficulties with phonology are typical in most cases.
Dyslexia
The beginning stage of the development of the association of print with meaning that starts early in a child’s life and continues until the child reaches the stage of conventional reading and writing, “the reading and writing concepts and behaviors of young children that precede and develop into conventional literacy.”
Emergent Literacy
To change a message into, as encode oral language into writing, encoding an idea into words, or encode physical law into mathematical symbols.
Encode
The study of the history of words.
Etymology
The intentional design and delivery of information by the teacher to the students. It begins with (1) the teacher’s modeling or demonstration of the skills or strategy; (2) a structured and substantial opportunity for students to practice and apply newly taught skills and knowledge under the teacher’s direction and guidance; (3) an opportunity for feedback.
Explicit Instruction
The clear, easy, and quick written or spoken expression of ideas. In reading, this means freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading or hinder the expression of ideas in oral reading; automaticity.
Fluency
A reader whose performance meets or exceeds normal expectations with respect to age and ability; an independent reader. A reader who reads at an adequate pace with sufficient accuracy and correct intonation to enable comprehension to occur.
Fluent Reader
A readability or grade level of material that is too difficult to be read successfully by a student, even with normal classroom instruction and support. The frustration level is reached when a student cannot read a selection with more than 89 percent word-recognition or decoding accuracy.
Frustration Reading Level
A term used to classify literacy works into categories such as novel, mystery, historical fiction, biography, short story, and poem.
Genre
A list of words ranked by grade level, reader level, or other level of difficulty of complexity, often used to assess competence in word identification, knowledge of word-meanings, and spelling.
Graded Word List
A written or printed representation of a phoneme as b for /b/ or oy for /oi/ in boy.
Grapheme
The relationship between a grapheme and the phoneme(s) it represents; letter-sound correspondence; as c representing /k/ in cat and /s/ in cent.
Grapheme- Phoneme Correspondence
A visual representation of facts and concepts from a text and their relationships within an organized frame. graphic organizers are effective tools for for thinking and learning. They help teachers and students represent abstract or implicit information in more concrete form, the depict relationships among facts and concepts, they aid in organizing and elaborating ideas, they relate new information with prior knowledge, and they effectively store and retrieve information.
Graphic Organizer
Reading instruction conducted in small, flexible groups in which everyone reads simultaneously and for which the teacher provides the structure and purpose for reading and for responding to the material read, Little Books are often used for guided reading.
Guided Reading
