Vocab Flashcards
(116 cards)
0
Q
Lymph contains solutes from two sources
A
A) substances in plasma: ions, gas, nutrients, proteins
B) substances derived from cells: hormones, enzymes, waste
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Q
Lymph
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3L of fluid that enter lymphatic capillaries.
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Q
Lacteals
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Lymphatic system absorbs lipids from digestive tract. In small intestine
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Q
Chyle
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Lipids enter lacteals then pass into venous circulation. Lymph called chyle.
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Q
Lymphatic system includes
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Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, nodules, nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus
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Q
Lymphatic capillaries
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Begin as small, dead-end tubes
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Q
Lymphatic vessels
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Resemble small veins.
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Q
Three major mechanisms for moving lymph
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1) contraction of lymphatic vessels
2) contraction of skeletal muscles
3) thoracic pressure changes
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Q
Lymph nodes
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Round, oval, bean shaped bodies. Filter lymph!!!!
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Q
Flow of lymph
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Capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunk, duct
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Q
Lymphatic trunk
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Vessels converge to form larger vessel (trunks) that drain major portion of body
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Q
Jugular trunk
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Drains head and neck
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Q
Subclavian trunk
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Drains upper limbs, thoracic wall, mammary glands
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Bronchomediastinal trunks
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Drain thoracic organs and deep thoracic wall
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Q
Intestinal trunks
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Drain abdominal organs
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Lumbar trunks
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Drain lower limbs, pelicans and abdominal walls, ovaries, tested, kidneys, adrenal glands
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Q
Lymphatic ducts
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Lymphatic trunks connect to form ducts
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Q
Right lymphatic duct
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20% of people: three trunks join to form a short duct that joins right thoracic vein
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Q
Thoracic duct
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Largest. Drains lymph from right side inferior to thorax and entire left side of body
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Q
Cisternae chyli
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In a some people, lymphatic trunks form a sac
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Q
Two types of lymphocytes
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B cells and T cells
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Q
Reticular fibers
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Makes up lymphatic tissue. Fine collagen fibers. Lymphocytes attach and filter lymph
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Q
Nonencapsulated
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Lymphatic tissue that is not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
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Q
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
MALT
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Aggregations of nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue. Found in and beneath mucous membranes lining digestive, respiratory urinary and reproductive tracts.
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Examples of MALT
Diffuse lymphatic tissue, nodules, tonsils.
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Lymphatic organs with a capsule
Nodes, spleen, thymus
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Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Contains dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages. No clear boundary, blends in with surrounding tissues. Within nodes and spleen
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Lymphatic nodules
Denser arrangements of lymphatic tissue. Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive
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Peyer patches
Nodules in distal half of small intestine and appendix
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Lymphatic follicles
Lymphatic nodules found in nodes and spleen
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Tonsils
Large groups of nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue
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Three groups of tonsils.
Palatine, pharyngeal, lingual
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Palatine tonsils
Usually referred to. Oval lymphatic masses on each side of throat.
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Pharyngeal tonsil
Near junction of nasal cavity and pharynx (when enlarged, called adenoid)
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Lingual tonsil
Posterior surface of tongue
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Lymph nodes
Small, round, bean shaped. Distributed along vessel. Filter lymph
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Superficial lymph nodes,
| Deep lymph nodes
Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, deep are everywhere else
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Capsule
Dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node
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Trabeculae
Extensions of the capsule, form delicate internal skeleton of lymph node
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Lymphatic sinuses
Reticular fibers extend across open spaces
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Medulla
Inner layer. Medullary cords
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
Carry lymph to lymph nodes
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Efferent lymphatic vessels
Carry lymph away from nodes
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Germinal centers
Areas of rapid lymphocyte division. Especially in lymphatic nodules if cortex
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Spleen
Clenched fist, left, superior part of abdominal cavity. FILTERS BLOOD
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White pulp
Lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen. ANTIBODIES
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Red pulp
Associated with veins. MONOCYTE storage
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Periarterial lymphatic sheath
Composed of diffuse lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries and arterioles extending to lymphatic nodules
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Splenic cords
Network of reticular cells that produce reticular fibers
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Venous sinuses
Enlarged capillaries between the splenic cords
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Splenic vein
Venous sinuses and trabecular veins unite and leave spleen
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Splenectomy
Removal of the spleen
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Thymus
Bilobed gland. Superior mediastinum.
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Lobules
Trabeculae of thymus divide it into lobules
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Thymic corpuscles
Function in development of regulatory T cells
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Regulatory T cells
Suppress body's immune response and protect against autoimmune diseases.
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Immunity
Ability to resist damage from foreign substances
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Innate immunity
Nonspecific resistance. Body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.
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Adaptive immunity
Specific immunity. Response is faster and stronger each time foreign substance is encountered
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Specificity
Ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance
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Memory
Ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters of a substance
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Main components of innate immunity
1) physical barriers
2) chemical mediators
3) phagocytosis and chemicals
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Chemical mediators
Molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity.
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Cytokines
Proteins or peptides secreted by cells that bind to receptors on cell surfaces, stimulating a response. Interferons, interleukins, lymphokines
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Complement
Group of 20 proteins that make up 10% of plasma. Normally inactive until complement cascade.
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Surface chemicals
Lysozymes (tears, saliva, nasal, sweat) lyse cells. Acid (sebum, hydrochloride acid) prevent growth or kill microorganisms
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Histamine
Released from mast cells, basophils, platelets. Causes vasodilalation and permeability
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Kinins
Derived from plasma proteins. Vasodilalation, permeability, stimulate pain receptors, attract neutrophils
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Interferons
Proteins from most cells, interfere with virus production and infection. Perhaps some forms of cancer
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Prostaglandins
Group of lipids, cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilalation, permeability and pain receptors
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Leukotrienes
From mast cells and basophils. Cause prolonged smooth muscle contraction (lung bronchioles) permeability, neutrophils, eosinophils
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Pyrogens
Stimulate fever production
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Complement cascade
Series of reactions where each component activates the next
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Alternative pathway
Part of innate immunity. Complement protein C3 becomes active (by proteins in cell surfaces)
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Classical pathway
Adaptive immunity.
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Membrane attack complex
Produces a channel through the plasma membrane . Na and water enter cell and cause it to lyse
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Optimization
Complement proteins attach to the surface of bacterial cells and stimulate macrophages to phagocytize
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Interferons - how?
Bind to the surface of neighboring cells and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins. Innate.
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Neutrophil
Phagocytosis and inflammation.
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Monocyte
Leaves blood and enters tissue to become a macrophage
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Macrophage
Most effective phagocyte. Later stage of infection and tissue repair.
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Basophils
Motile, enters tissues, releases inflammatory chemicals
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Mast cells
Nonmotile cell in connective tissue that promotes inflammation
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Eosinophils
Parasitic infection, asthma and allergies
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Natural killer cell
Lyse tumor and virus infected cells innate
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B cell
After activation, differentiates to become plasma cell or memory B cell
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Plasma cell
Adaptive.
| Produces antibodies
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Memory B cell
Quick and effective response to an antigen after previous encounter. Responsible for adaptive immunity
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Cytotoxic T cell
Responsible for destroying cells. By lysis or by producing cytokines
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Helper T cell
Activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells
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Regulatory T cell
Inhibits B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
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Memory T cell
Quick and effective response from previous encounter. Responsible for adaptive immunity.
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Dendritic cell
Processes antigen and is involved in activation if B cells and T cells
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Antibody-mediated immunity
Antibodies found in interstitial fluid and lymph. B cells give rise to cells that produce antibodies.
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Cell mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for cell meditated immunity.
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Helped T cells and regulatory T cells
Promote or inhibit both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity
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Positive selection
Survival of pre-B and pre-t cells that are capable of an immune response
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Clones
B cells and T cells that can respond to antigens are composed of small groups of identical lymphocytes
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Negative selection
Eliminates or suppresses clones acting against self antigens. Mostly during prenatal development
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Primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow, thymus. Where lymphocytes mature
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Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
Lymphocytes interact with each other and antigens to produce an immune response. Lymphatic tissue, nodules, tonsils, nodes, spleen
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Antigenic determinants
Epitopes. Specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocytes.
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Antigen receptors
Identical protein on a lymphocyte that bind to a specific determinant in an antigen
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Major histocompatibility complex molecules MHC
Glycoproteins found on plasma membranes of most of the body's cells
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MHC class I molecules
On nucleated cells: they display antigens produced inside the cell on the cells surface
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MHC class II molecules
Found on antigen presenting cells. B cells, macrophages, monocytes, destructive cells
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Constimulation
Accomplished by cytokines released from cells and by molecules attached to the surface of cells
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Lymphokines
Cytokines produced by lymphocytes
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Tolerance
State of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen
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Opsonins
Substances that make an antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis
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Plasma cells
Produce antibodies
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Cell mediated immunity is most effective against
Intercellular microorganisms through the action of cytotoxic T cells. Involves delayed hypersensitivity reactions and control tumors
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Cytotoxic T cells effects
Lyse cells and produce cytokines.
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Perforin
Major method of lysis. Forms a channel in target membrane to allow water inside
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Immunotherapy
Altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells
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Antiserum
Plasma minus clotting factors. Passive artificial immunity
