Vocab

Question 1

Angina

Answer 1

-Heart muscle isn’t getting oxygen-rich blood
Feels like:
1) discomfort, aching, tightness or pressure that comes and goes in the chest, back, abdomen, arm, shoulder, neck or jaw; shortness of breath (SOB), heartburn, indigestion, nausea or sweating
Responsive Observations:
1) Aching, tightness, or pressure in chest, arm, shoulder, neck, or jaw
2) shortness of breath (SOB)
3) Nausea
4) Diaphoresis (sweating)
5) Change in skin color
CNA Management:
stay with patient, report to nurse STAT, vital signs STAT, Patient should sit/lie down & stop activity, anticipate complications/heart attack

Question 2

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Answer 2

Heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet needs of the body. Causes fluid to back up into the lungs and throughout the body: especially in the feet and lower legs.

Observations: SOB with regular activities, Increase in weight/sudden increase, Edema in legs/feet/ankles, Using more pillows/sitting up to sleep, rapid heart rate, vertigo

Management: Report to nurse, VS, Accurate I&O, Patient follows correct diet, Do not tire patient

Question 3

Coronary Artery Disease

Answer 3

Narrowing of coronary arteries causing arteriosclerosis (plaque). Patient may not receive enough oxygen at rest & exertion causes increased need for oxygen. Narrow arteries causes muscles to not receive blood/oxygen and die.

Question 4

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction/MI)

Answer 4

Coronary Arteries become blocked and prevent blood from reaching the heart. Lack of blood/oxygen causes tissue to die.

Observations: Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, pain, squeezing feeling in the chest, under the sternum or in mid-back; Pain may come and go (especially in women), Heartburn, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, Irregular heartbeat, Increased blood pressure, SOB

Management: Stay with patient, call for help, report c/o chest pain or discomfort STAT, vitals STAT, anticipate complications

Question 5

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 5

Blood Clot (thrombus) in deep veins of LEGS, pelvis or arms. Clot can break away (embolism) and travel to other parts of the body/lung.

Observations: Affected leg may be swollen, warm, red streaks; pain/tenderness in calf or thigh

Management: remain with patient, report symptoms to nurse, check apical pulse & VS

Question 6

Hypertension

Answer 6

High Blood Pressure +140/90

Causes: Narrowed blood vessels, kidney disorders, head injury, pregnancy

Observations: High BP, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, nose bleeds

Management: Report high bp, check bp in other arm, patient history, patient diet (salt restriction)

Question 7

Hypotension

Answer 7

Low Blood Pressure -90/60

Causes: Weak/irregular heart rate, Lack of blood due to dehydration/hemorrhaging, medications, anesthesia

Question 8

Orthostatic Hypotension

Answer 8

Sudden decrease in Blood Pressure when a person stands from sitting or lying down

Observations: Low blood pressure readings upon standing

Management: Abnormal S/S, Raise patient feet, check BP on opposite arm

Question 9

Bowel Diversion (Ostomy)

Answer 9

Ostomy: an opening from the bowel to the outside of the abdominal wall for elimination of feces (stoma) with a disposable bag

Colosomy: an opening in the large intestine (stool semi-liquid to formed)

Ileostomy: an opening in the ileum (small intestine) that drains through stoma on abdomen (drainage is liquid/digestive enzymes that irritate the skin)

Observations: Puch leak, blood in stool, change in character/drainage, pills in drainage, c/o burning/itching/drainage around stoma, color change/edema in stoma, abdominal discomfort

Management: abnormal s/s to nurse, empty bag (measure/describe contents), change bag

Question 10

Bowel Obstruction

Answer 10

Mechanical Obstruction: Intestine is physically blocked by Hernia, Adhesions (scar tissue), Tumors

Paralytic Ileus: Obstruction in small intestine after abdominal surgery (anesthesia) causing difficult peristalsis (disappears after 2-3 days). After 48 hours nasogastric (NG) tube is placed to keep abdomen contents empty

Observations: Abdominal pain/distention, nausea, vomiting, fever

Management: NG tube care, oral care if NPO (nothing by mouth), abnormal S/S

Question 11

Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

Answer 11

Gallbladder is on underside of the liver that stores bile. Bile is made in the liver and stored in gallbladder until needed for digestion of fat in the small intestine. Gallstones are formed by cholesterol, bile salts & calcium.

Symptoms: severe pain mainly beginning after food is eating. If severe: jaundice, nausea and fever.

Observations: Abdominal pain, pain in right shoulder/shoulder blades, nausea, vomiting

Management: S/S

Question 12

Colitis

Answer 12

Ulcerative Colitis causes inflammation and sores ( ulcers) in the large intestine. Inflammation occurs in rectum/lower colon but can effect entire colon causes diarrhea. Ulcers form where inflammation killed colon-lining cells: producing pus and mucus.

Observations: Abdominal pain/spasms, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, blood/pus in stool

Management: Report s/s, prevent breakdown from diarrhea (clean/barrier cream), adequate fluid

Question 13

Cirrhosis

Answer 13

Irreversible scaring of the liver affecting blood flow, causing difficulty functioning such as detoxifying harmful substances, purifying the blood and manufacturing vital nutrients

Observations: Fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, confusion/agitation/hallucinations, vomiting, weight loss/gain, jaundice, itching, swollen abdomen/legs, bloody stool, easy bruising

Management: S/S, confused, combative

Question 14

Chron’s Disease

Answer 14

Swelling and irritation of the digestive tract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Observations: Abdominal pain/bloating after meals, sores in the anal area, high fever/chill, loss of appetite, weight loss, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

Management: Abnormal S/S

Question 15

Diverticular Disease

Answer 15

Pouches in the colon that bulge outward through weak spots in the colon.

Observations: Abdominal Cramping, fever, chills, rectal bleeding, nausea, vomiting

Management: Abnormal S/S

Question 16

Dysphagia

Answer 16

Difficulty swallowing. Foods and liquids do not pass down esophagus easily. Esophagus wall thickens, narrowing the passageway.

Causes: Ulcer, narrowing, cancer, muscles do not work correctly, nerve/brain problems changing muscle strength or coordination

Observations: Frequent coughing/choking

Feeding tips: HOB upright position, tilt head slightly forward, watch for Larynx to go up/down before giving another bite

Food consistencies: Thin liquids, mixed textures and mild temperatures are hard to swallow

Question 17

Gastritis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the stomach lining

Causes: Aspirin/anti-inflammatory medications, stress, alcohol, tobacco

Observations: burning in upper abdomen, pain after eating, gas/bloating, frequent belching, nausea

Question 18

Gastroenteritis

Answer 18

Food poisoning/intestinal flu is an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

Observations: Abdominal pain/cramping, nausea, committing, diarrhea, fever/chills, fatigue, abnormal VS

Question 19

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Answer 19

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) does not work normally causing stomach acid to travel back (reflux) into the esophagus

Observations: Frequent heartburn/burping, sour tasting fluid backing up in mouth, worsening symptoms when bending over/laying down, difficulty/pain when swallowing

Management: Abnormal S/S

Question 20

Hemorrhoids

Answer 20

A vein around the anus/lower rectum which is swollen and inflamed inside or outside the anus.

Observations: Bright red blood in stool, internal may protrude outside the body, painful swelling/lump around anus from blood clot, irritation around anus with bleeding/itching, mucus

Management: Abnormal S/S

Question 21

Ulcers

Answer 21

Area of the lining of the stomach or duodenum that has been destroyed by digestive juices and stomach acid

Observations: gnawing/burning pain in abdomen (often occurs between meals), nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, black/tarry/bloody stool (Ulcer is bleeding)

Question 22

Cushing’s Syndrome

Answer 22

Over-secretion of Adrenal Hormone often developing fat around face, neck, trunk and abdomen

Observations: muscle weakness, easy bruising, high blood pressure

Management: May be dizzy/assist with activities, monitor skin care, Abnormal S/S

Question 23

Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease

Answer 23

Increased hormone levels by Thyroid Gland

Observations: Weight loss, diaphoresis/SWEATING, increased heart rate/BP, irritability/confusion

Management: monitor weight, monitor VS, Abnormal S/S

Question 24

Hypothyroidism

Answer 24

Decreased hormone levels by Thyroid Gland

Observations: Fatigue, decreased HR, Intolerance to cold, dry skin, weight gain, constipation

Mangement: Ambulation, monitor VS, encourage fluids, Abnormal VS (decreased HR)

Question 25

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 25

Type 1/Juvenile: Pancreas produces little/no insulin Type 2/Adult Onset: Glucose Intolerance as insulin produced is ineffective or body cannot respond adequately ****Blood Glucose can go up with hospitalization Hyperglycemia Observations CBG>250 increased thirst/hunger, fatigue, frequent infections, numbness/tingling around extremities, blurred vision, heavy breathing, sweet smelling breath, headache, confusion, irritability, rapid pulse AND decreased BP, loss of consciousness Hypoglycemia Observations CBG

Question 26

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 26

Pregnant women develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy

Question 27

Diabetic Ketoacidosis/DKA

Answer 27

When the body cannot process glucose and body fat is broken down/metabolized instead producing ketones. Blood becomes more acidic than body tissues. Blood glucose levels become elevated (usually higher than 300) Observations: nausea, vomiting, muscular stiffness/aching, mental stupor that may progress to coma, rapid deep breathing, fruity breath, ketones in urine, elevated CBG Management: Abnormal S/S STAT

Question 28

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Answer 28

HIV virus takeds over and destroys immune system cells disabling body's immune system Observations: loss of appetite, weight loss, fever/night sweats, diarrhea, fatigue, skin rashes, cough, sores/white patches in mouth, purple blotches that look like bruises, confusion, forgetfulness Management: Standard Precautions, daily hygiene/oral care, skin care, Abnormal S/S

Question 29

Cancer

Answer 29

Uncontrolled growth of cells with invasion of healthy tissue (more than 200 types) Treatment: Surgery (cut it out), Chemotherapy (poison it), Radiation (disrupt growth); early diagnosis/treatment; Symptom Management (pain/nausea) Observations: pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, Abnormal V/S Management: pain relief, adequate rest/fluid/nutrition, skin care

Question 30

Hepatitis

Answer 30

Inflammation of the liver usually caused by infection Type A: "Restaurant" contracted through fecal contaminate food/water Type B: Blood/body fluids Type C: Blood/body fluids Type D: Occurs when another Hep is present Type E: Contaminated water supply Observations: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, rash, dark urine, jaundice, light colored stool, abdominal pain/muscles aches Management: Standard Precautions: Bed rest, healthy diet, Abnormal S/S

Question 31

Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Answer 31

Abnormal reaction/increased sensitivity to certain substances called allergens Symptoms: rashes, itching, watery eyes, nasal congestion Anaphylaxis: Acute allergic reaction that affect entire body and retires immediate medical attention Observations: Rash, itching, watery eyes, SOB, Low BP, irregular Pulse, Respiratory congestion, swelling of larynx, hoarseness, Dyspnea (labored breathing)

Question 32

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 32

Auto-immune disease that affects Joints, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons

Question 33

Skin Function

Answer 33

Protection, Regulation, Storage of fat and Vitamins, Elimination or water/salt/heat, Sensory Perception, Regulation of Temperature

Question 34

Pallor

Answer 34

Pale Skin. Can be caused by anemia, leukemia, hemorrhaging, heart conditions. Poor circulation.

Question 35

Cyanosis

Answer 35

Low oxygen causes blood to be darker and skin appears blue

Question 36

Psoriasis

Answer 36

Chronic skin disease causes skin to grow too quickly and dead skin to build up on the surface becoming inflamed, thick silvery scars (plaque). Appears at 15-35. Observations: Plaque may form on elbows, knees, scalp, navel, arms or legs; itching, pain, pitting, change in nail color/shape Management: Abnormal S/S

Question 37

Herpes Zoster (Shingels)

Answer 37

Caused by the varicella-zoster (Chicken Pox) virus, which lives with the Varicella virus. After chickenpox lies dormant in nerve tissue. Only affects one side of the body. Begins as a rash then leads to blisters and sores. Observations: Flu-like symptoms-fever, headache, fatigue; rash, red/sensitive/sore skin, blisters and sores on the skin Management: Abnormal S/S

Question 38

Scabies

Answer 38

Tiny mites burrow in the skin usually seen between fingers, armpits and creases of the wrists, elbows and knees Observations: Intensive itching (especially after hot bath), skin irritations that look like hives/insect bites/pimples/blisters, fever, red streaks, pain, swelling Management: Highly contagious, Transmitted by skin contact, Isolation for 24 hours, Standard precaution

Question 39

Pediculosis (Lice)

Answer 39

Parasite that bites cause severe itching. Pediculosis capitis is on the scalp; Pediculosis pubis is on genital hair Observations: tickling feeling, itching presence of nits (lice eggs) nymph (baby louse) or louse (adult) Management: Contagious, Standard precautions, Isolation for 24 hours, shampoo, change bedding/wash clothing

Question 40

Purpura, Petechiae and Ecchymosis

Answer 40

Purplish discoloration in the skin due to small bleeding vessels Observations/Management: Notify nurse immediately

Question 41

Cellulitis

Answer 41

Bacteria infection causing skin to be swollen, red and tender to touch (common on the legs due to poor circulation). May affect only under the skin surfaces or underlying tissues then spread to lymph nodes and blood. Life threatening if untreated. Observations: redness, swelling, tenderness of skin, pain, warmth of skin Management: Notify nurse of changes, VS especially temp, bed rest, pain evaluation

Question 42

Compensation

Answer 42

Substituting a perceived loss with something else Example: substituting food for affection

Question 43

Conversation

Answer 43

Changing an emotional problem into a physical problem Example: substituting stomach pain for feelings of depression

Question 44

Denial

Answer 44

Refusing to believe that a fact is true Example: Refusing to believe a cancer diagnosis

Question 45

Displacement

Answer 45

Shifting an emotion from one person to another who is less threatening Example: A teenager angry with a mother expresses anger toward a boyfriend instead

Question 46

Projection

Answer 46

Blaming another person for one's own unaccepted actions or feelings Example: accusing others of hating "your" mother, instead of accepting your own feelings of hatred towards your mother

Question 47

Rationalization

Answer 47

Making excuses for poor behavior or actions Example: a person who is fired for drug use on the job blames the employer for being too hard on them

Question 48

Regression

Answer 48

Turning back to a former or earlier state Example: a two-year-old faced with a new baby sibling starts wanting to drink from a bottle

Question 49

Regression (Suppression)

Answer 49

Refusing to think about a frightening or painful memory Example: being unable to remember childhood abuse

Question 50

Alcohol/Drug Withdrawal

Answer 50

Treated with medications to relieve symptoms and detoxification Observations: sweating, rapid pulse, increased hand tremor, sleeplessness, nausea, vomiting, physical agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, Delirium Tremens/DT's after alcohol withdrawal cause rapid heart rate, high BP and fever-can lead to irregular heart rate, heart attack or stroke Management: Emotional support, observe patient closely/leave alone as little as possible, seizure precautions, follow Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA)

Question 51

Anxiety Disorders (4)

Answer 51

A vague feeling of dread. In anxiety disorders, this feeling is far out of proportion to its cause. Panic Disorder: A feeling of terror that strikes suddenly and with no warning Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Anxious thoughts/rituals the patient feels unable to control Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Fear/Irrational behavior in response to a traumatic event in the person's history: attack of dog, rape, fire, military duty or accident Phobia: Intense irrational fear of something that poses no danger: heights, escalators, tunnels, highway driving, water, flying and animals

Question 52

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Answer 52

Can develop following a terrifying event, treated with medications and psychotherapy Observations: Persistent frightening thoughts/memories of the ordeal, feeling emotionally numb, reportedly reliving trauma

Question 53

Delirium

Answer 53

State of agitated confusion that comes on quickly, lasts short time and is reversible. May be caused by reduced oxygen, alcohol/drug withdrawal, mediation side effects, infections, pain, surgery, physical injury, imbalances of body chemistry, sensory deprivation/overload Observation: disorientation without drowsiness, hallucinations, difficulty in focusing attention, inability to rest/sleep, emotional/physical over-activity Over-activity of the Autonomic System causing cold: clammy hands, dry mouth, sweating, nurse, diarrhea, urinary frequency, difficulty swallowing, exaggerated startle reflex Management: Emotional support, observe patient closely/leave alone as little as possible, seizure precautions

Question 54

Depression

Answer 54

Mental illness characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness. More than the "blues". Medical illnesses (stroke, hart attack, cancer) can cause depression. Observation: persistent expressions of sadness/hopelessness/worthlessness/helplessness, loss of interest in hobbies, decreased energy, difficulty concentrations/remembering/making decisions, insomnia, oversleeping, changes in appetite/weight Management: Accurate food intake/fluid IO, ADL's

Question 55

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 55

An eating disorder marked by weight loss, emaciation, a disturbance in body image and a fear of weight gain

Question 56

Binge Eating

Answer 56

Eating disorder marked by rapid consumption of large amounts of food in a short period time; seen in bulimia nervosa

Question 57

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 57

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder; marked by violent and excessive changes in mood

Question 58

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 58

A type of anxiety disorder marked by intense bouts of anger, depression and anxiety that may last hours or days

Question 59

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 59

An eating disorder marked by repeated episode of uncontrolled (binge) eating, followed by behaviors intended to maintain normal body weight- self-induced vomiting and use of laxatives or enemas to produce diarrhea (purging); excessive exercise, strict dieting or fasting

Question 60

Grand mal seizures

Answer 60

Convulsion with loss of consciousness and uncontrolled movement of arms and legs

Question 61

Manic

Answer 61

A mood state marked by excessive energy and decreased sleep

Question 62

Mental Illness

Answer 62

A broad term that covers many disorders of emotion or behavior

Question 63

Schizophrenia

Answer 63

A chronic, severe and disabling brain disorder marked by delusion and hallucinations. It is believe to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. It is likely that an imbalance in the chemical reactions of the brain plays a role in this disease

Question 64

Bones

Answer 64

Have a hard outside layer that contains calcium and also have a soft inner layer

Question 65

Tendons

Answer 65

Tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones

Question 66

Ligaments

Answer 66

Strong flexible bands of fibrous tissue that help to hold the bones together at the joints

Question 67

Fascia

Answer 67

Sheets of tough fibrous tissues that wrap around muscles and help to hold them in place

Question 68

Joint

Answer 68

Place where bones are linked to each other

Question 69

Cartilage

Answer 69

Firm, tough tissue providing cushioning in the joints

Question 70

Bursa

Answer 70

A fluid-filled pouch in a joint which decrease friction

Question 71

Amputation

Answer 71

Removal of part/all of a limb. May be done to remove a tumor, severely injured or infected tissue because of Gangrene. Gangrene=condition where tissue is dead because of infection, injury or lack of circulation Observations: Compression dressing may be used to shrink/shape stump, Observe drainage/skin color/temperature, Phantom Limb Pain, Abnormal Observations Management: Postoperative care, Report coolness/paleness of remaining portion of limb, Report phantom limb pain, encourage ambulation, change in position, rest with remaining limb in extension rather than flexion, prescribed exercises

Question 72

Arthritis

Answer 72

Inflammation of a joint. Osteoarthritis=degenerative joint disease &occurs with aging from wear and tear on the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis=inflammatory disease Observations: changes in joint stiffness, pain, swelling, tenderness and ROM; whether patient is complying with prescribed treatment Management: Encourage rest/exercise to decrease pain/maintain flexibility, ROM exercises, Position, Encourage independence, heat/cold, Ambulation

Question 73

Atrophy

Answer 73

Wasting of muscles due to disuse Observations: Reduction in size and strength of muscles that re not being used Management: Once activity of the muscles is possible encourage patient physical therapy to stretch/strengthen, encourage prescribed exercises

Question 74

Contracture

Answer 74

Loss of mobility of a joint due to permanent tightening or shortening of the surrounding muscles Observations: Loss of ROM Management: ROM exercise, never force ROM (can cause fracture)

Question 75

Fracture

Answer 75

Broken Bone. Can damage to muscles, nerves, blood vessels, tendons). Can be caused by a fall, bone tumors, metastatic cancer and osteoporosis S/S: Limited movement, pain/tenderness, swelling, bruising, deformity Reduction: Returning fractured bone to normal position Fixation: After reduction, allowing to heal (cast, traction, splint) Observations: CMST (COLOR, MOVEMENT, SENSATION, TEMPERATURE) Impaired circulation or sensation- swelling, numbness, tingling, pallor, bluish color and coolness of skin; Signs of infections- drainage, odor, fever, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting Management: postoperative care, elevate body part to prevent swelling/decrease pain

Question 76

CMST

Answer 76

- Color - Movement - Sensation - Temperature => Circulation & Infection

Question 77

Osteoporosis

Answer 77

Bone loss, bones become brittle/fragile and break easily. Prevention: Calcium, Vitamin D, Estrogen, Weight bearing exercise, Avoid smoking/alcohol

Question 78

Hip Fracture, Hip/Joint Replacement

Answer 78

Broken Hip/Femur; Removal/Replaced hip joint Observations: Dressing, drainage, wound drain, Abnormal observations Management: Postoperative care, Wound drains are secure, Skin care, Turn/Reposition as directed, Assist with Transfers Replacement: Careful not to dislocate hip. Use wedge pillow to avoid adduction (crossing the legs), internal rotation (turning the affected leg inwards), flexion (bending) hip to an angel less than 90 degrees. Two person assist.

Question 79

Gout

Answer 79

Type of arthritis caused by uric acid crystals deposited in the joints. Symptoms: pain, low fever, swelling, redness over joint Observations: Change in joint stiffness, pain swelling, tenderness and ROM, complying with treatment Management:

Question 80

Atelectasis

Answer 80

Collapse of part of the lung due to shallow breathing or mucus plugs in the airways

Question 81

CPM Maching

Answer 81

Continuous Passive Movement Machine Provides continuous passive ROM to a joint which has been surgically replaced (knee, shoulder)

Question 82

Cry/Cuff

Answer 82

An ice compression cuff system used after total knee replacement to help prevent swelling and pain

Question 83

Dislocation

Answer 83

Separation/displacement of bones in joint

Question 84

External Fixation Device

Answer 84

A device applied outside the body to hold fractured bones in place

Question 85

Gangrene

Answer 85

Tissue death caused by infection, injury or loss of blood supply

Question 86

Total hip precautions

Answer 86

Avoidance of internal rotation, adduction and flexion of the hip to an angle less than 90 degrees to prevent dislocation

Question 87

Uric Acid

Answer 87

One of the end products of protein metabolism. Uric acid is found abnormally in kidney stones and gout

Question 88

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Answer 88

Over-active Autonomic Nervous System causes excessively high blood pressure. Generally have spinal cord injury levels above T-5. If untreated, can lead to seizures, stroke or death. Occurs during stimulus of nerve impulse from spinal cord trying to reach brain, causing spasms/narrowing blood vessels and rise in BP. Observations: Pounding headache (due to elevated BP), sweating above injury level, SLOW PULSE (

Question 89

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Stroke

Answer 89

Blood flow is cut off to the brain causing brain cells to die within minutes. Ischemic Stroke: Blood vessel that supplies brain is blocked/narrowed due to plaque, causing a clot Hemorrhagic Stroke: Smal vessel in brain breaks causing blood to spill into brain tissue and killing cells Observations: Weakness, tingling, loss of feeling, Vision problems, Double vision, trouble seeing out of both eyes, Speech Problems (difficulty talking, slurred speech, difficulty understanding), sudden/severe headache, movement problems, dizziness, spinning, loss of balance, blackout, confusion, difficulty swallowing, EXPRESSIVE APHASIA, RECEPTIVE APHASIA Expressive Aphasia: difficulty expressing thoughts, patient thinks one thing and says another Receptive Aphasia: difficulty understanding what is said or read, sometimes everyday objects are not recognized Management: Report abnormal S/S, do not leave patient, clear airway, patient safety, check VS, May be hypertensive

Question 90

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Answer 90

Warning sign of a stroke. Occurs when a portion of the brain temporarily loses its blood supply. If you suspect a TIA, get help right away (6 hour window) Management: Turn patient to prevent from aspiration, encourage coughing/deep breathing, turn/reposition every 2 hours, food/fluids, TEDS to prevent thrombi (blood clots), ROM If Aphasic: establish communication methods, "yes or no" answers, speech therapy

Question 91

Cerebral Palsy

Answer 91

Damage to developing brain, usually occurs before/shortly after birth. Cannot fully control motor function; may have an impairment in speech, balance, sight, hearing or thinking

Question 92

Seizure

Answer 92

Sudden change in behavior due to an excessive electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy is chronic seizure disorder. Simple=no change in conscious level Complex=change in conscious level Generalized=whole body affected Focal=only one part/side of body affected Observations: shaking, loss of consciousness, incontinence, partial (focal) seizures, brief blackout periods CNA Management: DO: CALL FOR HELP, protect from injury, prevent aspiration, stay with person Don't: Restrain, put anything in mouth, move

Question 93

Head Injury

Answer 93

Can occur to scalp, skull and brain tissue Observations: Confusion, loss of consciousness, headache, memory problems, nausea, vomiting, blood/watery fluid leaking from nose or ears, stiff neck/muscles, seizures

Question 94

Level of Consciousness

Answer 94

Conscious=Awake State Decreased Consciousness=person appears awake but not responded normally Unconsciousness=person is not aware of what is going on/not able to respond

Question 95

Parkinson's

Answer 95

Nerve cells that produce dopamine begin to break down and die Symptoms: Tremors, Rigidity, Bradykinesia (slow movement), feeling frozen, blinking/facial expressions/swinging arms and other "unconscious movement" are slowed Observations: Changes in condition, Increased difficulty swallowing/mobility/ADLs

Question 96

Spinal Cord Injuries

Answer 96

Can permanently damage the spinal cord Observations: SOB, dyspnea, numbness, tingling, red/pale skin,

Question 97

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Answer 97

Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the Myelin sheath nerve fibers in CNS. Interferes with transmission of nerve signals between the brain, spinal cord and other parts of the body. Observations: Changes in mobility/symptoms

Question 98

Newborn Care

Answer 98

``` Newborn=birth-28 days Normal VS: BP: 60-80, diastolic 40-50(not measured) Temp: Axillary 97-99 Apical Pulse: 120-160 Respiration: 30-60 ``` Urine: First void 2-28 times a day Skin: Cheesy white vernix Hearing screen Safety: Position baby on back Observations: Jaundice, redness, rashes, cord drainage, elevated temp, limp, jittery

Question 99

Mastectomy

Answer 99

Surgical procedure used to treat breast cancer Lumpectomy: remove cancer while saving breast Simple Mastectomy: Removes all breast tissue including nipple Modified Radical Mastectomy: Breast tissue, nipple and some axillary nodes are removed

Question 100

Hysterectomy

Answer 100

Removal of a woman's uterus

Question 101

Uterine Prolapse

Answer 101

Abnormal position of the uterus which the uterus protrudes downward

Question 102

Prostatectomy

Answer 102

Surgery removal of the entire prostate if cancer is confined to the prostate

Question 103

Transurethral Prostatectomy (TURP)

Answer 103

Removal of benign (non-cancerous) overgrowth of prostate tissue called benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

Question 104

Prostatitis

Answer 104

Infection or inflammation that causes prostate to become painful and swollen

Question 105

Atelectasis

Answer 105

Collapse of part/all of the lung by blockage of the airway (bronchus/bronchioles). Anesthesia, shallow breathing, lung disease, prolonged bed rest are risk factors,

Question 106

Asthma

Answer 106

Chronic disease that affects the airways. Inside walls become inflamed and sensitive. When airway reacts, they get narrower causing wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing Observations: Chest tightness, SOB, Wheezing, low energy, cyanosis

Question 107

Bronchitis

Answer 107

Inflammation of air passages between nose and lungs, including trachea and bronchi. Acute=viral infection Chronic=serious disease cannot be cured Observations: coughing episodes, fever, SOP, dyspnea (difficult breathing), chest pain/tightness, restlessness, coughing up secretions

Question 108

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 108

Lungs are damaged making it hard to breathe. The airways are partly obstructed, making it difficult to get air in and out. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema Observations: Increased SOB, dyspnea, coughing episodes, weight loss/appetite, pain Management: Elevate HOB, "pursed lips", Excessive oxygen can be worse

Question 109

Emphysema

Answer 109

Lung disease where air sacs/alveoli in the lungs are damaged. Alveoli are unable to completely deflate and are therefor unable to fill with fresh air to ensure adequate oxygen supply to the body. Observations: Increased SOB, dyspnea, coughing episodes, weight loss/appetite, pain Management: Elevate HOB, "pursed lips", Excessive oxygen can be worse

Question 110

Influenza

Answer 110

Acute/highly contagious flu from infection of respiratory tract. Can lead pneumonia. Observations: fever, chest pain, dyspnea, coughing accompanied by purulent (puss-filled) or bloody sputum

Question 111

Aspiration Pneumonia

Answer 111

Food/gastric contents enter trachea/lungs

Question 112

Pneumothorax

Answer 112

Air fills the pleural cavity. Can cause all/part the lung to collapse Observations: sudden/sharp chest pain (can spread to shoulder/back), SOB, Dyspnea, Cyanosis

Question 113

Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 113

Occurs when an artery in the lung becomes blocked. Blockage causes blood clot/s to travel to the lungs from another part of body. Most clots originate in the legs. Anti-clotting medications can reduce risk of death. Patients who had surgery are at higher risk due to anesthesia can injury lung vessels, surgery or prolonged bed rest can promote venous stasis, further increasing risk Observations: hypoxia/low O2 can cause restless/confused, SOB, chest discomfort, elevated HR, cough, excessive bleeding Management: oxygen, anticoagulant therapy, do not massage legs, TED stockings, SCDs NOT USED

Question 114

Tuberculosis

Answer 114

AIRBORNE bacteria disease can scar lungs, kidneys, bones or brain Observations: weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, night swears, coughing up blood Management: Standard precautions, Respiratory Isolation

Question 115

Bladder Diversion (Urostomy)

Answer 115

Urinary diversion is a surgically created opening in abdomen that allows urine to bypass the bladder and pass directly out the body through new opening (stoma)

Question 116

Cystitis/Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Answer 116

Bladder Infection where bacteria travels up urethra and grows in the bladder causing inflammation and infection

Question 117

Kidney Dialysis

Answer 117

Removing toxic substances (impurities or wastes) from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so

Question 118

Hemodialysis

Answer 118

Blood flows through the dialyzer, waste is removed and fluid and chemicals are balanced.

Question 119

Pyelonephritis

Answer 119

Inflammation/infection of the kidney that speaks up the urinary tract or by the infectious process traveling through the blood stream to the kidneys.

Question 120

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

Answer 120

Solid crystals formed in the kidneys from minerals in the urine Can be caused by: high intake of animal protein, refined sugars, large quantities of fructose/high fructose corn syrup, high sodium intake, grapefruit juice, apple juice Observations: pain control, 2000L+ of fluid per day, nausea, vomiting, blood/pus in urine, painful urination

Question 121

Renal Failure

Answer 121

Determined by a decrease in the rate at which blood is filtered in the kidney. Usually detected by a decrease/absence of urine production. May lead to an increase of fluid in the body causing swelling; anemia, bone issues, cardiovascular disease Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): The blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Caused by Diabetes mellitus and long-term uncontrolled hypertension. Observations: Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, nausea, weight loss, nocturnal urination, polyuria (large volume/dilute urine), Hematuria (blood in urine), Dysuria (painful urination) itching, bone damage, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, muscle paralysis, Edema, SOB, pain in back/side, Tired/weak, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, Low BP, foamy urine, anorexia, darkening skin, difficulty sleeping, excess protein in blood

Question 122

S/S

Answer 122

Signs and Symptoms Sign=Objective/Observation Symptom=Subjective/Patient Says

Question 123

SBARR

Answer 123

Situation: What is happening now? Chief complaints Background: What led to event? Vital signs/history Assessment: I am not sure what the problem is, but it is a change in condition Recommendation: What action can be taken? Read-back/Review: Clarifying questions?

Question 124

2 Main types of infection

Answer 124

Localized and systemic

Question 125

Chain of Infection/Methods of Transmission

Answer 125

Chain: Source Pathogen Portland of Entry: Entrance into the reservoir for the pathogen Reservoir: A place for the pathogen to grow (Body) Portal of Exit: Exit for pathogen to leave reservoir (Respiratory Tract, GI Tract, breaks in skin and blood) Susceptible host: A person at risk for Infection Methods of Transmission: Direct Contact: Food, water, animals and insects Airborne (TB)

Question 126

Medical Asepsis

Answer 126

"The clean technique" used in all health care facilities

Question 127

Disinfection

Answer 127

The process of destroying the pathogens

Question 128

Sterilization

Answer 128

The destruction of all microorganisms, not just pathogens

Question 129

Bacteria

Answer 129

A type of microorganism that may cause a disease

Question 130

Virus

Answer 130

A very tiny organism; may cause a disease

Question 131

CHIMBOP

Answer 131

``` Constipation Hydration Infection Medication Bladder Oxygen Pain ```

Question 132

Rounding (P's)

Answer 132

Potty, Position, Pain, Possessions (cell phone)

Question 133

Alzheimer Warning Signs

Answer 133

``` Memory Loss Difficulty performing everyday tasks Problems with language Disorientation to Time and Place Poor or Decreased Judgement Problems with Abstract thinking Misplacing things Changes in Mood or Behavior Changes in Personality Loss of Initiative ```

Question 134

Signs of Dementia

Answer 134

Forgetfulness Confusion Withdrawal

Question 135

Addison's Disease

Answer 135

Decreased activity of the Adrenal Gland