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CNA > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Angina

A

-Heart muscle isn’t getting oxygen-rich blood
Feels like:
1) discomfort, aching, tightness or pressure that comes and goes in the chest, back, abdomen, arm, shoulder, neck or jaw; shortness of breath (SOB), heartburn, indigestion, nausea or sweating
Responsive Observations:
1) Aching, tightness, or pressure in chest, arm, shoulder, neck, or jaw
2) shortness of breath (SOB)
3) Nausea
4) Diaphoresis (sweating)
5) Change in skin color
CNA Management:
stay with patient, report to nurse STAT, vital signs STAT, Patient should sit/lie down & stop activity, anticipate complications/heart attack

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2
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet needs of the body. Causes fluid to back up into the lungs and throughout the body: especially in the feet and lower legs.

Observations: SOB with regular activities, Increase in weight/sudden increase, Edema in legs/feet/ankles, Using more pillows/sitting up to sleep, rapid heart rate, vertigo

Management: Report to nurse, VS, Accurate I&O, Patient follows correct diet, Do not tire patient

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3
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries causing arteriosclerosis (plaque). Patient may not receive enough oxygen at rest & exertion causes increased need for oxygen. Narrow arteries causes muscles to not receive blood/oxygen and die.

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4
Q

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction/MI)

A

Coronary Arteries become blocked and prevent blood from reaching the heart. Lack of blood/oxygen causes tissue to die.

Observations: Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, pain, squeezing feeling in the chest, under the sternum or in mid-back; Pain may come and go (especially in women), Heartburn, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, Irregular heartbeat, Increased blood pressure, SOB

Management: Stay with patient, call for help, report c/o chest pain or discomfort STAT, vitals STAT, anticipate complications

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5
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood Clot (thrombus) in deep veins of LEGS, pelvis or arms. Clot can break away (embolism) and travel to other parts of the body/lung.

Observations: Affected leg may be swollen, warm, red streaks; pain/tenderness in calf or thigh

Management: remain with patient, report symptoms to nurse, check apical pulse & VS

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6
Q

Hypertension

A

High Blood Pressure +140/90

Causes: Narrowed blood vessels, kidney disorders, head injury, pregnancy

Observations: High BP, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, nose bleeds

Management: Report high bp, check bp in other arm, patient history, patient diet (salt restriction)

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7
Q

Hypotension

A

Low Blood Pressure -90/60

Causes: Weak/irregular heart rate, Lack of blood due to dehydration/hemorrhaging, medications, anesthesia

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8
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

Sudden decrease in Blood Pressure when a person stands from sitting or lying down

Observations: Low blood pressure readings upon standing

Management: Abnormal S/S, Raise patient feet, check BP on opposite arm

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9
Q

Bowel Diversion (Ostomy)

A

Ostomy: an opening from the bowel to the outside of the abdominal wall for elimination of feces (stoma) with a disposable bag

Colosomy: an opening in the large intestine (stool semi-liquid to formed)

Ileostomy: an opening in the ileum (small intestine) that drains through stoma on abdomen (drainage is liquid/digestive enzymes that irritate the skin)

Observations: Puch leak, blood in stool, change in character/drainage, pills in drainage, c/o burning/itching/drainage around stoma, color change/edema in stoma, abdominal discomfort

Management: abnormal s/s to nurse, empty bag (measure/describe contents), change bag

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10
Q

Bowel Obstruction

A

Mechanical Obstruction: Intestine is physically blocked by Hernia, Adhesions (scar tissue), Tumors

Paralytic Ileus: Obstruction in small intestine after abdominal surgery (anesthesia) causing difficult peristalsis (disappears after 2-3 days). After 48 hours nasogastric (NG) tube is placed to keep abdomen contents empty

Observations: Abdominal pain/distention, nausea, vomiting, fever

Management: NG tube care, oral care if NPO (nothing by mouth), abnormal S/S

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11
Q

Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)

A

Gallbladder is on underside of the liver that stores bile. Bile is made in the liver and stored in gallbladder until needed for digestion of fat in the small intestine. Gallstones are formed by cholesterol, bile salts & calcium.

Symptoms: severe pain mainly beginning after food is eating. If severe: jaundice, nausea and fever.

Observations: Abdominal pain, pain in right shoulder/shoulder blades, nausea, vomiting

Management: S/S

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12
Q

Colitis

A

Ulcerative Colitis causes inflammation and sores ( ulcers) in the large intestine. Inflammation occurs in rectum/lower colon but can effect entire colon causes diarrhea. Ulcers form where inflammation killed colon-lining cells: producing pus and mucus.

Observations: Abdominal pain/spasms, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, blood/pus in stool

Management: Report s/s, prevent breakdown from diarrhea (clean/barrier cream), adequate fluid

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13
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Irreversible scaring of the liver affecting blood flow, causing difficulty functioning such as detoxifying harmful substances, purifying the blood and manufacturing vital nutrients

Observations: Fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, confusion/agitation/hallucinations, vomiting, weight loss/gain, jaundice, itching, swollen abdomen/legs, bloody stool, easy bruising

Management: S/S, confused, combative

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14
Q

Chron’s Disease

A

Swelling and irritation of the digestive tract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Observations: Abdominal pain/bloating after meals, sores in the anal area, high fever/chill, loss of appetite, weight loss, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

Management: Abnormal S/S

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15
Q

Diverticular Disease

A

Pouches in the colon that bulge outward through weak spots in the colon.

Observations: Abdominal Cramping, fever, chills, rectal bleeding, nausea, vomiting

Management: Abnormal S/S

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16
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing. Foods and liquids do not pass down esophagus easily. Esophagus wall thickens, narrowing the passageway.

Causes: Ulcer, narrowing, cancer, muscles do not work correctly, nerve/brain problems changing muscle strength or coordination

Observations: Frequent coughing/choking

Feeding tips: HOB upright position, tilt head slightly forward, watch for Larynx to go up/down before giving another bite

Food consistencies: Thin liquids, mixed textures and mild temperatures are hard to swallow

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17
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach lining

Causes: Aspirin/anti-inflammatory medications, stress, alcohol, tobacco

Observations: burning in upper abdomen, pain after eating, gas/bloating, frequent belching, nausea

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18
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Food poisoning/intestinal flu is an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

Observations: Abdominal pain/cramping, nausea, committing, diarrhea, fever/chills, fatigue, abnormal VS

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19
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) does not work normally causing stomach acid to travel back (reflux) into the esophagus

Observations: Frequent heartburn/burping, sour tasting fluid backing up in mouth, worsening symptoms when bending over/laying down, difficulty/pain when swallowing

Management: Abnormal S/S

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20
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

A vein around the anus/lower rectum which is swollen and inflamed inside or outside the anus.

Observations: Bright red blood in stool, internal may protrude outside the body, painful swelling/lump around anus from blood clot, irritation around anus with bleeding/itching, mucus

Management: Abnormal S/S

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21
Q

Ulcers

A

Area of the lining of the stomach or duodenum that has been destroyed by digestive juices and stomach acid

Observations: gnawing/burning pain in abdomen (often occurs between meals), nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, black/tarry/bloody stool (Ulcer is bleeding)

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22
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Over-secretion of Adrenal Hormone often developing fat around face, neck, trunk and abdomen

Observations: muscle weakness, easy bruising, high blood pressure

Management: May be dizzy/assist with activities, monitor skin care, Abnormal S/S

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23
Q

Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease

A

Increased hormone levels by Thyroid Gland

Observations: Weight loss, diaphoresis/SWEATING, increased heart rate/BP, irritability/confusion

Management: monitor weight, monitor VS, Abnormal S/S

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24
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased hormone levels by Thyroid Gland

Observations: Fatigue, decreased HR, Intolerance to cold, dry skin, weight gain, constipation

Mangement: Ambulation, monitor VS, encourage fluids, Abnormal VS (decreased HR)

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25
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 1/Juvenile: Pancreas produces little/no insulin

Type 2/Adult Onset: Glucose Intolerance as insulin produced is ineffective or body cannot respond adequately

**Blood Glucose can go up with hospitalization

Hyperglycemia Observations CBG>250
increased thirst/hunger, fatigue, frequent infections, numbness/tingling around extremities, blurred vision, heavy breathing, sweet smelling breath, headache, confusion, irritability, rapid pulse AND decreased BP, loss of consciousness

Hypoglycemia Observations CBG

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26
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Pregnant women develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy

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27
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis/DKA

A

When the body cannot process glucose and body fat is broken down/metabolized instead producing ketones. Blood becomes more acidic than body tissues. Blood glucose levels become elevated (usually higher than 300)

Observations: nausea, vomiting, muscular stiffness/aching, mental stupor that may progress to coma, rapid deep breathing, fruity breath, ketones in urine, elevated CBG

Management: Abnormal S/S STAT

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28
Q

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

A

HIV virus takeds over and destroys immune system cells disabling body’s immune system

Observations: loss of appetite, weight loss, fever/night sweats, diarrhea, fatigue, skin rashes, cough, sores/white patches in mouth, purple blotches that look like bruises, confusion, forgetfulness

Management: Standard Precautions, daily hygiene/oral care, skin care, Abnormal S/S

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29
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled growth of cells with invasion of healthy tissue (more than 200 types)

Treatment: Surgery (cut it out), Chemotherapy (poison it), Radiation (disrupt growth); early diagnosis/treatment; Symptom Management (pain/nausea)

Observations: pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, Abnormal V/S

Management: pain relief, adequate rest/fluid/nutrition, skin care

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30
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver usually caused by infection

Type A: “Restaurant” contracted through fecal contaminate food/water
Type B: Blood/body fluids
Type C: Blood/body fluids
Type D: Occurs when another Hep is present
Type E: Contaminated water supply

Observations: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, rash, dark urine, jaundice, light colored stool, abdominal pain/muscles aches

Management: Standard Precautions: Bed rest, healthy diet, Abnormal S/S

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31
Q

Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

A

Abnormal reaction/increased sensitivity to certain substances called allergens

Symptoms: rashes, itching, watery eyes, nasal congestion

Anaphylaxis: Acute allergic reaction that affect entire body and retires immediate medical attention

Observations: Rash, itching, watery eyes, SOB, Low BP, irregular Pulse, Respiratory congestion, swelling of larynx, hoarseness, Dyspnea (labored breathing)

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32
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Auto-immune disease that affects Joints, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons

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33
Q

Skin Function

A

Protection, Regulation, Storage of fat and Vitamins, Elimination or water/salt/heat, Sensory Perception, Regulation of Temperature

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34
Q

Pallor

A

Pale Skin. Can be caused by anemia, leukemia, hemorrhaging, heart conditions.

Poor circulation.

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35
Q

Cyanosis

A

Low oxygen causes blood to be darker and skin appears blue

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36
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic skin disease causes skin to grow too quickly and dead skin to build up on the surface becoming inflamed, thick silvery scars (plaque). Appears at 15-35.

Observations: Plaque may form on elbows, knees, scalp, navel, arms or legs; itching, pain, pitting, change in nail color/shape

Management: Abnormal S/S

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37
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingels)

A

Caused by the varicella-zoster (Chicken Pox) virus, which lives with the Varicella virus. After chickenpox lies dormant in nerve tissue. Only affects one side of the body. Begins as a rash then leads to blisters and sores.

Observations: Flu-like symptoms-fever, headache, fatigue; rash, red/sensitive/sore skin, blisters and sores on the skin

Management: Abnormal S/S

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38
Q

Scabies

A

Tiny mites burrow in the skin usually seen between fingers, armpits and creases of the wrists, elbows and knees

Observations: Intensive itching (especially after hot bath), skin irritations that look like hives/insect bites/pimples/blisters, fever, red streaks, pain, swelling

Management: Highly contagious, Transmitted by skin contact, Isolation for 24 hours, Standard precaution

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39
Q

Pediculosis (Lice)

A

Parasite that bites cause severe itching. Pediculosis capitis is on the scalp; Pediculosis pubis is on genital hair

Observations: tickling feeling, itching presence of nits (lice eggs) nymph (baby louse) or louse (adult)

Management: Contagious, Standard precautions, Isolation for 24 hours, shampoo, change bedding/wash clothing

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40
Q

Purpura, Petechiae and Ecchymosis

A

Purplish discoloration in the skin due to small bleeding vessels

Observations/Management: Notify nurse immediately

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41
Q

Cellulitis

A

Bacteria infection causing skin to be swollen, red and tender to touch (common on the legs due to poor circulation). May affect only under the skin surfaces or underlying tissues then spread to lymph nodes and blood. Life threatening if untreated.

Observations: redness, swelling, tenderness of skin, pain, warmth of skin

Management: Notify nurse of changes, VS especially temp, bed rest, pain evaluation

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42
Q

Compensation

A

Substituting a perceived loss with something else

Example: substituting food for affection

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43
Q

Conversation

A

Changing an emotional problem into a physical problem

Example: substituting stomach pain for feelings of depression

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44
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to believe that a fact is true

Example: Refusing to believe a cancer diagnosis

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45
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting an emotion from one person to another who is less threatening

Example: A teenager angry with a mother expresses anger toward a boyfriend instead

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46
Q

Projection

A

Blaming another person for one’s own unaccepted actions or feelings

Example: accusing others of hating “your” mother, instead of accepting your own feelings of hatred towards your mother

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47
Q

Rationalization

A

Making excuses for poor behavior or actions

Example: a person who is fired for drug use on the job blames the employer for being too hard on them

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48
Q

Regression

A

Turning back to a former or earlier state

Example: a two-year-old faced with a new baby sibling starts wanting to drink from a bottle

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49
Q

Regression (Suppression)

A

Refusing to think about a frightening or painful memory

Example: being unable to remember childhood abuse

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50
Q

Alcohol/Drug Withdrawal

A

Treated with medications to relieve symptoms and detoxification

Observations: sweating, rapid pulse, increased hand tremor, sleeplessness, nausea, vomiting, physical agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, Delirium Tremens/DT’s after alcohol withdrawal cause rapid heart rate, high BP and fever-can lead to irregular heart rate, heart attack or stroke

Management: Emotional support, observe patient closely/leave alone as little as possible, seizure precautions, follow Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA)

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51
Q

Anxiety Disorders (4)

A

A vague feeling of dread. In anxiety disorders, this feeling is far out of proportion to its cause.

Panic Disorder: A feeling of terror that strikes suddenly and with no warning

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Anxious thoughts/rituals the patient feels unable to control

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Fear/Irrational behavior in response to a traumatic event in the person’s history: attack of dog, rape, fire, military duty or accident

Phobia: Intense irrational fear of something that poses no danger: heights, escalators, tunnels, highway driving, water, flying and animals

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52
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

Can develop following a terrifying event, treated with medications and psychotherapy

Observations: Persistent frightening thoughts/memories of the ordeal, feeling emotionally numb, reportedly reliving trauma

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53
Q

Delirium

A

State of agitated confusion that comes on quickly, lasts short time and is reversible. May be caused by reduced oxygen, alcohol/drug withdrawal, mediation side effects, infections, pain, surgery, physical injury, imbalances of body chemistry, sensory deprivation/overload

Observation: disorientation without drowsiness, hallucinations, difficulty in focusing attention, inability to rest/sleep, emotional/physical over-activity

Over-activity of the Autonomic System causing cold: clammy hands, dry mouth, sweating, nurse, diarrhea, urinary frequency, difficulty swallowing, exaggerated startle reflex

Management: Emotional support, observe patient closely/leave alone as little as possible, seizure precautions

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54
Q

Depression

A

Mental illness characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness. More than the “blues”. Medical illnesses (stroke, hart attack, cancer) can cause depression.

Observation: persistent expressions of sadness/hopelessness/worthlessness/helplessness, loss of interest in hobbies, decreased energy, difficulty concentrations/remembering/making decisions, insomnia, oversleeping, changes in appetite/weight

Management: Accurate food intake/fluid IO, ADL’s

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55
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder marked by weight loss, emaciation, a disturbance in body image and a fear of weight gain

56
Q

Binge Eating

A

Eating disorder marked by rapid consumption of large amounts of food in a short period time; seen in bulimia nervosa

57
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder; marked by violent and excessive changes in mood

58
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

A type of anxiety disorder marked by intense bouts of anger, depression and anxiety that may last hours or days

59
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder marked by repeated episode of uncontrolled (binge) eating, followed by behaviors intended to maintain normal body weight- self-induced vomiting and use of laxatives or enemas to produce diarrhea (purging); excessive exercise, strict dieting or fasting

60
Q

Grand mal seizures

A

Convulsion with loss of consciousness and uncontrolled movement of arms and legs

61
Q

Manic

A

A mood state marked by excessive energy and decreased sleep

62
Q

Mental Illness

A

A broad term that covers many disorders of emotion or behavior

63
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A chronic, severe and disabling brain disorder marked by delusion and hallucinations. It is believe to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. It is likely that an imbalance in the chemical reactions of the brain plays a role in this disease

64
Q

Bones

A

Have a hard outside layer that contains calcium and also have a soft inner layer

65
Q

Tendons

A

Tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones

66
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong flexible bands of fibrous tissue that help to hold the bones together at the joints

67
Q

Fascia

A

Sheets of tough fibrous tissues that wrap around muscles and help to hold them in place

68
Q

Joint

A

Place where bones are linked to each other

69
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, tough tissue providing cushioning in the joints

70
Q

Bursa

A

A fluid-filled pouch in a joint which decrease friction

71
Q

Amputation

A

Removal of part/all of a limb. May be done to remove a tumor, severely injured or infected tissue because of Gangrene.

Gangrene=condition where tissue is dead because of infection, injury or lack of circulation

Observations: Compression dressing may be used to shrink/shape stump, Observe drainage/skin color/temperature, Phantom Limb Pain, Abnormal Observations

Management: Postoperative care, Report coolness/paleness of remaining portion of limb, Report phantom limb pain, encourage ambulation, change in position, rest with remaining limb in extension rather than flexion, prescribed exercises

72
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of a joint. Osteoarthritis=degenerative joint disease &occurs with aging from wear and tear on the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis=inflammatory disease

Observations: changes in joint stiffness, pain, swelling, tenderness and ROM; whether patient is complying with prescribed treatment

Management: Encourage rest/exercise to decrease pain/maintain flexibility, ROM exercises, Position, Encourage independence, heat/cold, Ambulation

73
Q

Atrophy

A

Wasting of muscles due to disuse

Observations: Reduction in size and strength of muscles that re not being used

Management: Once activity of the muscles is possible encourage patient physical therapy to stretch/strengthen, encourage prescribed exercises

74
Q

Contracture

A

Loss of mobility of a joint due to permanent tightening or shortening of the surrounding muscles

Observations: Loss of ROM

Management: ROM exercise, never force ROM (can cause fracture)

75
Q

Fracture

A

Broken Bone. Can damage to muscles, nerves, blood vessels, tendons). Can be caused by a fall, bone tumors, metastatic cancer and osteoporosis

S/S: Limited movement, pain/tenderness, swelling, bruising, deformity

Reduction: Returning fractured bone to normal position
Fixation: After reduction, allowing to heal (cast, traction, splint)

Observations: CMST (COLOR, MOVEMENT, SENSATION, TEMPERATURE)
Impaired circulation or sensation- swelling, numbness, tingling, pallor, bluish color and coolness of skin; Signs of infections- drainage, odor, fever, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting

Management: postoperative care, elevate body part to prevent swelling/decrease pain

76
Q

CMST

A
  • Color
  • Movement
  • Sensation
  • Temperature

=> Circulation & Infection

77
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone loss, bones become brittle/fragile and break easily.

Prevention: Calcium, Vitamin D, Estrogen, Weight bearing exercise, Avoid smoking/alcohol

78
Q

Hip Fracture, Hip/Joint Replacement

A

Broken Hip/Femur; Removal/Replaced hip joint

Observations: Dressing, drainage, wound drain, Abnormal observations

Management: Postoperative care, Wound drains are secure, Skin care, Turn/Reposition as directed, Assist with Transfers

Replacement: Careful not to dislocate hip. Use wedge pillow to avoid adduction (crossing the legs), internal rotation (turning the affected leg inwards), flexion (bending) hip to an angel less than 90 degrees. Two person assist.

79
Q

Gout

A

Type of arthritis caused by uric acid crystals deposited in the joints.

Symptoms: pain, low fever, swelling, redness over joint

Observations: Change in joint stiffness, pain swelling, tenderness and ROM, complying with treatment

Management:

80
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of part of the lung due to shallow breathing or mucus plugs in the airways

81
Q

CPM Maching

A

Continuous Passive Movement Machine

Provides continuous passive ROM to a joint which has been surgically replaced (knee, shoulder)

82
Q

Cry/Cuff

A

An ice compression cuff system used after total knee replacement to help prevent swelling and pain

83
Q

Dislocation

A

Separation/displacement of bones in joint

84
Q

External Fixation Device

A

A device applied outside the body to hold fractured bones in place

85
Q

Gangrene

A

Tissue death caused by infection, injury or loss of blood supply

86
Q

Total hip precautions

A

Avoidance of internal rotation, adduction and flexion of the hip to an angle less than 90 degrees to prevent dislocation

87
Q

Uric Acid

A

One of the end products of protein metabolism. Uric acid is found abnormally in kidney stones and gout

88
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia

A

Over-active Autonomic Nervous System causes excessively high blood pressure. Generally have spinal cord injury levels above T-5. If untreated, can lead to seizures, stroke or death.

Occurs during stimulus of nerve impulse from spinal cord trying to reach brain, causing spasms/narrowing blood vessels and rise in BP.

Observations: Pounding headache (due to elevated BP), sweating above injury level, SLOW PULSE (

89
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Stroke

A

Blood flow is cut off to the brain causing brain cells to die within minutes.

Ischemic Stroke: Blood vessel that supplies brain is blocked/narrowed due to plaque, causing a clot

Hemorrhagic Stroke: Smal vessel in brain breaks causing blood to spill into brain tissue and killing cells

Observations: Weakness, tingling, loss of feeling, Vision problems, Double vision, trouble seeing out of both eyes, Speech Problems (difficulty talking, slurred speech, difficulty understanding), sudden/severe headache, movement problems, dizziness, spinning, loss of balance, blackout, confusion, difficulty swallowing, EXPRESSIVE APHASIA, RECEPTIVE APHASIA

Expressive Aphasia: difficulty expressing thoughts, patient thinks one thing and says another

Receptive Aphasia: difficulty understanding what is said or read, sometimes everyday objects are not recognized

Management: Report abnormal S/S, do not leave patient, clear airway, patient safety, check VS, May be hypertensive

90
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Warning sign of a stroke. Occurs when a portion of the brain temporarily loses its blood supply. If you suspect a TIA, get help right away (6 hour window)

Management: Turn patient to prevent from aspiration, encourage coughing/deep breathing, turn/reposition every 2 hours, food/fluids, TEDS to prevent thrombi (blood clots), ROM

If Aphasic: establish communication methods, “yes or no” answers, speech therapy

91
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Damage to developing brain, usually occurs before/shortly after birth. Cannot fully control motor function; may have an impairment in speech, balance, sight, hearing or thinking

92
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden change in behavior due to an excessive electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy is chronic seizure disorder.

Simple=no change in conscious level
Complex=change in conscious level

Generalized=whole body affected
Focal=only one part/side of body affected

Observations: shaking, loss of consciousness, incontinence, partial (focal) seizures, brief blackout periods

CNA Management:
DO: CALL FOR HELP, protect from injury, prevent aspiration, stay with person

Don’t: Restrain, put anything in mouth, move

93
Q

Head Injury

A

Can occur to scalp, skull and brain tissue

Observations: Confusion, loss of consciousness, headache, memory problems, nausea, vomiting, blood/watery fluid leaking from nose or ears, stiff neck/muscles, seizures

94
Q

Level of Consciousness

A

Conscious=Awake State

Decreased Consciousness=person appears awake but not responded normally

Unconsciousness=person is not aware of what is going on/not able to respond

95
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Nerve cells that produce dopamine begin to break down and die

Symptoms: Tremors, Rigidity, Bradykinesia (slow movement), feeling frozen, blinking/facial expressions/swinging arms and other “unconscious movement” are slowed

Observations: Changes in condition, Increased difficulty swallowing/mobility/ADLs

96
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

A

Can permanently damage the spinal cord

Observations: SOB, dyspnea, numbness, tingling, red/pale skin,

97
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the Myelin sheath nerve fibers in CNS. Interferes with transmission of nerve signals between the brain, spinal cord and other parts of the body.

Observations: Changes in mobility/symptoms

98
Q

Newborn Care

A 
Newborn=birth-28 days
Normal VS:
BP: 60-80, diastolic 40-50(not measured)
Temp: Axillary 97-99
Apical Pulse: 120-160
Respiration: 30-60

Urine: First void 2-28 times a day
Skin: Cheesy white vernix
Hearing screen
Safety: Position baby on back

Observations: Jaundice, redness, rashes, cord drainage, elevated temp, limp, jittery

99
Q

Mastectomy

A

Surgical procedure used to treat breast cancer

Lumpectomy: remove cancer while saving breast

Simple Mastectomy: Removes all breast tissue including nipple

Modified Radical Mastectomy: Breast tissue, nipple and some axillary nodes are removed

100
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of a woman’s uterus

101
Q

Uterine Prolapse

A

Abnormal position of the uterus which the uterus protrudes downward

102
Q

Prostatectomy

A

Surgery removal of the entire prostate if cancer is confined to the prostate

103
Q

Transurethral Prostatectomy (TURP)

A

Removal of benign (non-cancerous) overgrowth of prostate tissue called benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

104
Q

Prostatitis

A

Infection or inflammation that causes prostate to become painful and swollen

105
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of part/all of the lung by blockage of the airway (bronchus/bronchioles). Anesthesia, shallow breathing, lung disease, prolonged bed rest are risk factors,

106
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic disease that affects the airways. Inside walls become inflamed and sensitive. When airway reacts, they get narrower causing wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble breathing

Observations: Chest tightness, SOB, Wheezing, low energy, cyanosis

107
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of air passages between nose and lungs, including trachea and bronchi.
Acute=viral infection
Chronic=serious disease cannot be cured

Observations: coughing episodes, fever, SOP, dyspnea (difficult breathing), chest pain/tightness, restlessness, coughing up secretions

108
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Lungs are damaged making it hard to breathe. The airways are partly obstructed, making it difficult to get air in and out. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Observations: Increased SOB, dyspnea, coughing episodes, weight loss/appetite, pain

Management: Elevate HOB, “pursed lips”, Excessive oxygen can be worse

109
Q

Emphysema

A

Lung disease where air sacs/alveoli in the lungs are damaged. Alveoli are unable to completely deflate and are therefor unable to fill with fresh air to ensure adequate oxygen supply to the body.

Observations: Increased SOB, dyspnea, coughing episodes, weight loss/appetite, pain

Management: Elevate HOB, “pursed lips”, Excessive oxygen can be worse

110
Q

Influenza

A

Acute/highly contagious flu from infection of respiratory tract. Can lead pneumonia.

Observations: fever, chest pain, dyspnea, coughing accompanied by purulent (puss-filled) or bloody sputum

111
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

Food/gastric contents enter trachea/lungs

112
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air fills the pleural cavity. Can cause all/part the lung to collapse

Observations: sudden/sharp chest pain (can spread to shoulder/back), SOB, Dyspnea, Cyanosis

113
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Occurs when an artery in the lung becomes blocked. Blockage causes blood clot/s to travel to the lungs from another part of body. Most clots originate in the legs. Anti-clotting medications can reduce risk of death. Patients who had surgery are at higher risk due to anesthesia can injury lung vessels, surgery or prolonged bed rest can promote venous stasis, further increasing risk

Observations: hypoxia/low O2 can cause restless/confused, SOB, chest discomfort, elevated HR, cough, excessive bleeding

Management: oxygen, anticoagulant therapy, do not massage legs, TED stockings, SCDs NOT USED

114
Q

Tuberculosis

A

AIRBORNE bacteria disease can scar lungs, kidneys, bones or brain

Observations: weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, night swears, coughing up blood

Management: Standard precautions, Respiratory Isolation

115
Q

Bladder Diversion (Urostomy)

A

Urinary diversion is a surgically created opening in abdomen that allows urine to bypass the bladder and pass directly out the body through new opening (stoma)

116
Q

Cystitis/Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

Bladder Infection where bacteria travels up urethra and grows in the bladder causing inflammation and infection

117
Q

Kidney Dialysis

A

Removing toxic substances (impurities or wastes) from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so

118
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Blood flows through the dialyzer, waste is removed and fluid and chemicals are balanced.

119
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation/infection of the kidney that speaks up the urinary tract or by the infectious process traveling through the blood stream to the kidneys.

120
Q

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)

A

Solid crystals formed in the kidneys from minerals in the urine

Can be caused by: high intake of animal protein, refined sugars, large quantities of fructose/high fructose corn syrup, high sodium intake, grapefruit juice, apple juice

Observations: pain control, 2000L+ of fluid per day, nausea, vomiting, blood/pus in urine, painful urination

121
Q

Renal Failure

A

Determined by a decrease in the rate at which blood is filtered in the kidney. Usually detected by a decrease/absence of urine production. May lead to an increase of fluid in the body causing swelling; anemia, bone issues, cardiovascular disease

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): The blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Caused by Diabetes mellitus and long-term uncontrolled hypertension.

Observations: Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, nausea, weight loss, nocturnal urination, polyuria (large volume/dilute urine), Hematuria (blood in urine), Dysuria (painful urination) itching, bone damage, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, muscle paralysis, Edema, SOB, pain in back/side, Tired/weak, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, Low BP, foamy urine, anorexia, darkening skin, difficulty sleeping, excess protein in blood

122
Q

S/S

A

Signs and Symptoms
Sign=Objective/Observation
Symptom=Subjective/Patient Says

123
Q

SBARR

A

Situation: What is happening now? Chief complaints
Background: What led to event? Vital signs/history
Assessment: I am not sure what the problem is, but it is a change in condition
Recommendation: What action can be taken?
Read-back/Review: Clarifying questions?

124
Q

2 Main types of infection

A

Localized and systemic

125
Q

Chain of Infection/Methods of Transmission

A

Chain:
Source
Pathogen
Portland of Entry: Entrance into the reservoir for the pathogen
Reservoir: A place for the pathogen to grow (Body)
Portal of Exit: Exit for pathogen to leave reservoir (Respiratory Tract, GI Tract, breaks in skin and blood)
Susceptible host: A person at risk for Infection

Methods of Transmission:
Direct Contact: Food, water, animals and insects
Airborne (TB)

126
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

“The clean technique” used in all health care facilities

127
Q

Disinfection

A

The process of destroying the pathogens

128
Q

Sterilization

A

The destruction of all microorganisms, not just pathogens

129
Q

Bacteria

A

A type of microorganism that may cause a disease

130
Q

Virus

A

A very tiny organism; may cause a disease

131
Q

CHIMBOP

A 
Constipation
Hydration
Infection
Medication
Bladder
Oxygen
Pain
132
Q

Rounding (P’s)

A

Potty, Position, Pain, Possessions (cell phone)

133
Q

Alzheimer Warning Signs

A 
Memory Loss
Difficulty performing everyday tasks
Problems with language
Disorientation to Time and Place
Poor or Decreased Judgement
Problems with Abstract thinking
Misplacing things
Changes in Mood or Behavior
Changes in Personality
Loss of Initiative
134
Q

Signs of Dementia

A

Forgetfulness
Confusion
Withdrawal

135
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Decreased activity of the Adrenal Gland

CNA (1 decks)

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