Vocab

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

A characteristic caused by genetics or the environment

Question 2

Chromosomes

Answer 2

long strands of DNA that contain thousands of genes

Question 3

Genes

Answer 3

part of chromosomes that controls a trait (30,000 in humans)

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

different forms of genes

Question 5

Recessive Allele

Answer 5

only see this traits if 2 are present

Question 6

Dominant Allele

Answer 6

always shows this trait

Question 7

Hybrid

Answer 7

has 2 different alleles for the same trait

Question 8

Purebred

Answer 8

has 2 identical alleles fro the same trait

Question 9

Probability

Answer 9

the likelihood that an event will occur

Question 10

Punnett Square

Answer 10

a chart that shows all possible combinations of alleles between 2 organisms

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

the visibly expressed trait (ie. blue eyes)

Question 12

Genotype (1)

Answer 12

the allele combination for a trait (ie. Bb or bb)

Question 13

Homozygous

Answer 13

2 identical alleles (purebred)

Question 14

Heterozygous

Answer 14

2 different alleles (hybrid)

Question 15

Codominant Alleles

Answer 15

neither allele is dominant (ie. blood type or spotted dog)

Question 16

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 16

the dominant alleles mix (ie. Green flower from blue and yellow alleles)

Question 17

Meiosis

Answer 17

process that creates sex cells with 1 copy of each gene or half of the number of the chromosomes

Question 18

Cross-Fertilization

Answer 18

a gamete (sex cell) from each parent gives 1 allele for each trait to make a new organism (humans)

Question 19

Number of Human Chromosomes

Answer 19

23 pairs; 46 chromosomes in total

Question 20

X and Y

Answer 20

human chromosomes that determine gender

Question 21

Mutation (pathogenic variant)

Answer 21

when a chromosome is not copied correctly

Question 22

Carrier

Answer 22

someone how has 1 recessive allele for a trait but doesn’t show it

Question 23

Pedigree

Answer 23

a chart that tracts a particular trait in a family

Question 24

Karyotype

Answer 24

a picture of all the chromosomes of a cell

Question 25

Genome

Answer 25

all the DNA in one cell of an organism

Question 26

Genotype (2)

Answer 26

an analysis of a genome to determine inherited genes

Question 27

Gene Therapy

Answer 27

the insertion of a corrected gene into a person to try and correct a problem

Question 28

Genetic Engineering

Answer 28

transferring a gene from 1 organisms to another to produce a new trait (ie. glowing frog)

Question 29

Selective Breeding

Answer 29

only mating organisms with desirable traits

Question 30

Clone

Answer 30

an organism that is genetically identical to the parent organism

Question 31

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 31

the molecule that is the base of all chromosomes

Question 32

Four Bases of DNA

Answer 32

Adenine + Thymine, Guanine + Cytosine

Question 33

Heredity

Answer 33

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

Question 34

Sex-linked Gene

Answer 34

a gene that is on the Y or X chromosome (hemophilia or colour blindness)

Question 35

Gregor Mendel

Answer 35

a monk in the 1850's that studied how plants inherited traits

Question 36

Crick and Watson

Answer 36

2 scientists who first described the DNA double helix (made a cardboard model of the double helix)

Question 37

Genetic Disorders

Answer 37

illnesses or disorders caused by an abnormal gene (ie, Downs and Turner Syndrome - wrong # of chromosomes, Recessive Traits - sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)

Question 38

Inherited Trait

Answer 38

a trait totally controlled by your genes (ie. eye colour)

Question 39

Environmental Trait

Answer 39

a trait that's expressed as a combination of your genes and the environment (ie. skin colour)

Question 40

Epigenetics

Answer 40

how genes are turned off or on by their environment

Question 41

GM Foods

Answer 41

organisms that have been genetically modified for farmers (GM rice to produce more grain)

Question 42

Hemoglobin

Answer 42

a protein found in the red blood cells and captures oxygen molecules when blood flows near the lungs then releases when blood flows near starved tissues

Question 43

Pepsin

Answer 43

a protein structure that breaks down foods in the body

Question 44

Keratin

Answer 44

a protein structure which strengthens fingernails and claws in organisms

Question 45

Transcription

Answer 45

The RNA polymerase connects complementary RNA bases to the DNA bases; bases are bonded to make a single strand of mRNa, then it gets sent out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome

Question 46

Translation

Answer 46

mRNA and tRNA line up according to thier complementary bases (codons to anticodons) and the tRNA transfers the amino acids. Amino acids are behind and are joined with peptide bonds and later on a protein is made.

Question 47

Mendel's Laws

Answer 47

Segregation and Independent Assortment

Question 48

Segregation

Answer 48

the separation of the 2 alleles

Question 49

Independent Assortment

Answer 49

when traits don't affect each other

Question 50

Polygenetic Traits

Answer 50

traits with more than 2 genotypes (EX: skin tone, height, etc)

Question 51

Epistasis

Answer 51

when 1 gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed

Question 52

Deletion

Answer 52

when nucleotide base(s) is missing

Question 53

Insertion

Answer 53

when nucleotide base(s) is added

Question 54

De novo change

Answer 54

when new gene variations arise in an egg or sperm bell; new variation can be passed on