Vocab and Terms Chapter 3 Flashcards
(25 cards)
phonotactic constraints
restriction on possible combinations of sounds, often in particular environments.
sound substitution
a process whereby sounds that already exist in a language are used to replace sounds that do not exist in the langue when borrowing or when a speaker is trying to pronounce a foreign word.
phoneme
a class of speech sounds identified by a narrative speaker as the same sounds, a mental entity or category related to various allophones by phonological rules. phonemes are written between slashes (ex: /t/)
noncontrastive
a term used to describe 2 sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language.
contrastive distribution
the occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguished between the meaning of the words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in questions. Sounds that are in contrastive distribution are allophones of different phonemes.
complementary distribution
the occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.
overlapping distribution
the occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environments.
assimilation
a process by which a sounds becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some features.
dissimilation
process by which 2 nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature.
insertion
phonological process by which a segment not present in the phonemic or underlying form is added in the phonetic form.
deletion
a process by which a sound present in the phonemic form (underlying form) is removed from the phonetic form in certain environments.
metathesis
switching of the order of 2 sounds, each taking the place of the other.
free variation
term used to refer to 2 sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words.
minimal pair
2 words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings.
obligatory rule
phonological, morphological, or syntactic rule that applies in the speech of all speakers of a language or dialect, regardless of style or rate of speech.
optional rule
phonological, morphological, or syntactic rule that may or may not apply in an individuals speech.
basic allophone
the allophone of a phoneme that is used when none of the change inducing conditions are fulfilled. Of a set of allophones, it is generally least limited in where it can occur, also termed the elsewhere allophone.
restricted allophone
an allophone of a phoneme that appears in a more limited set of phonetic environments.
near-minimal pairs
similar to minimal pair, but whereas the words in a minimal pair are identical apart from the contrastive sounds, the words in a near-minimal pair are only almost identical.
phonology
the study of the sound system language, how the particular sound contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information, and how such systems differ from one language to another.
sonorant
sound, usually voiced, produced with a relatively open passage of airflow. Nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels are all sonorant.
allophone
one of a set of nonconstrastive realizations of the same phoneme; an actual phonetic segment.
conditioning environment
neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change.
underlying form
the phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied.
