Vocab Ch 7

Question 1

Iconic memory

Answer 1

Visual sensory memory

Question 2

Echoic memory

Answer 2

Auditory sensory memory

Question 3

The primacy effect

Answer 3

Refers to the better memory that people have for items presented at the beginning of the list. Part of the serial position effect.

Question 4

The recency effect

Answer 4

Refers to the better memory people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list. Part of the serial position effect.

Question 5

Levels of processing model

Answer 5

The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered.

Question 6

Context dependent memory

Answer 6

Memory enhancement when the recap situation is similar to the encoding situation

Question 7

State dependent memory

Answer 7

Memory can be enhanced when a person’s internal states match during encoding and recall.

Question 8

memory

Answer 8

the nervous system’s capacity to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge

Question 9

encoding

Answer 9

the processing of information so that it can be stored

Question 10

Consolidation

Answer 10

The neural process by which encoded information becomes stores in memory

Question 11

retrieval

Answer 11

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.

Question 12

reconsolidation

Answer 12

neural processes involves when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval

Question 13

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 13

Strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons.

Question 14

Sensory Memory

Answer 14

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form.

Question 15

Short-term memory

Answer 15

a memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.

Question 16

Working Memory

Answer 16

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use.

Question 17

chunking

Answer 17

organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.

Question 18

long-term memory

Answer 18

The relatively permanent storage of information

Question 19

Serial position effect

Answer 19

The idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early, or late on the list remembered better than those in the middle.

Question 20

Schemas

Answer 20

cognitive structures in long-term memory that help us perceive, organize, and use information.

Question 21

retrieval cue

Answer 21

any stimulus that increases memory recall

Question 22

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 22

The idea that ant stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience.

Question 23

prospective memory

Answer 23

remembering to do something as some future time.

Question 24

Mnemonics

Answer 24

learning aids or strategies that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues.

Question 25

implicit memory

Answer 25

the system underlying unconscious memories

Question 26

explicit memory

Answer 26

the system underlying conscious memories

Question 27

declarative memory

Answer 27

The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared.

Question 28

episodic memory

Answer 28

Memory for one's personal past experiences.

Question 29

semantic memory

Answer 29

memory for knowledge of facts independent of personal experience.

Question 30

procedural memory

Answer 30

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills, habits, and other behaviors.

Question 31

proactive interference

Answer 31

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

Question 32

retroactive interference

Answer 32

interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

Question 33

blocking

Answer 33

the temporary inability to remember something.

Question 34

absentmindedness

Answer 34

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events.

Question 35

amnesia

Answer 35

A deficit in long-term memory- resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma- in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information.

Question 36

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 36

A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information

Question 37

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 37

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories.

Question 38

persistence

Answer 38

the continual recurrence of unwanted memories.

Question 39

memory bias

Answer 39

The changing of memories over time so they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

Question 40

flashbulb memories

Answer 40

vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.

Question 41

Source misattribution

Answer 41

memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory.

Question 42

Source amnesia

Answer 42

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information.

Question 43

cryptomnesia

Answer 43

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he has come up with a new idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.

Question 44

suggestibility

Answer 44

The development of biased memories from misleading information.