Vocab Final Exam Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
Biodiversity
A
the variety of life forms in a habitat (local or global)
2
Q
Alpha diversity
A
diversity of a community/sample
3
Q
Beta Diversity
A
diversity between communities/samples
4
Q
Species Richness
A
the number of different species in a particular area
5
Q
Species Evennesss
A
on how evenly distributed each species is
0 = low evenness 1 = high evenness
6
Q
Relative Abundance
A
how abundant that species is compared to the other species (refers to a single species)
7
Q
Phylogenetic Diversity
A
the evolutionary relatedness of the species present in an area
8
Q
Gamma diversity
A
diversity of a region
9
Q
Typological thinking
A
each organism is a perfect unchanging type
10
Q
Scale of nature
A
increase in complexity up to human beings higher and lower forms
11
Q
Fitness
A
relative ability of an organism to survive and reproduce
12
Q
Adaptation
A
heritable trait that helps an organism’s survival and reproduction (increasing its fitness) in its present environment
13
Q
Selection Pressure
A
something that decreases fitness
14
Q
Convergence
A
similar traits evolve independently in species that do not share a common ancestry
15
Q
Divergence
A
two species that evolve in diverse directions from a common point
16
Q
Fossils
A
remains or evidence of organisms that are preserved in the rock record
17
Q
Homology
A
a similarity that exist in a species due to common ancestry
18
Q
Species
A
an evolutionarily independent population or group of populations
19
Q
Allopatric Speciation
A
species formed from geographically isolated populations
20
Q
Vicariance
A
physical barrier emerges, separates populations
21
Q
Dispersal
A
a small subset of the ancestral population starts a new population
22
Q
Sympatric Speciation
A
new species formed from within the range of the ancestral population
23
Q
Diploid
A
two pairs of each chromosome
24
Q
Haploid
A
one version of each chromosome
25
Autopolyploidy
self: same species
26
Allopolyploidy
2 different species
27
Punctuated Equilibrium
populations are relatively unchanged and then there is a rapid speciation
28
Complete speciation-
no recognition as potential mates or infertile/inviable hybrids
29
A hybrid zone
a geographic area where inbreeding occurs and hybrid offspring are common
30
Reinforcement (hybrids)
Hybrids are less fit than either purebred species. The species continue to diverge until hybridization can no longer occur
31
Stability (hybrids)
fit hybrids continue to be produced (hybrid zone formed/maintained)
32
Fusion (hybrids)
reproductive barriers weaken until the two species become one
33
Artificial Selection
deliberate manipulation of fitness by humans through selective breeding
34
Sexual Selection
selection of traits that lead to differential success in mating and fertilization
35
Sexual dimorphism
males and females look very different
36
Anisogamy
the condition by which gamete-producing sexually reproducing species have gametes of different sizes
37
Operational sex ratio-
ratio of organisms available to mate
38
Potential Reproductive rate-
how often organisms can mate
39
Female mimicry-
males imitate females
40
Evolution
change in allele frequency in a population over time
41
Cline
environmental gradient (geographically)
42
Genetic Drift
A change in allele frequencies in a population across generations due to chance events
43
Gene flow
movement of alleles between populations
44
Taxonomy
science of classifying organisms
45
Phylogeny
evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms
46
Cladistics
system to organize homolgous traits to describe phylogenies
47
Monophyletic
group of organism that descended from a single shared common ancestor
48
Synapomorphy
a trait that defines a group that descended from a shared common ancestor (used to define a monophyletic group)
49
Clade
a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor
clade = monophyletic group
50
Polytomies
Unresolved relationship among branches
51
parsimony
- the principle that the simplest explanation that can explain the data is to be preferred
- used when creating phylogenetic trees
52
Adaptive radiation
rapid branching through speciation of a phylogenetic clade into many closely related species
53
Endemic species
found in only one location
54
Heterogeneity
number of ecological niches
55
Biodiversity hotspots
geographical areas that contain high numbers of endemic species
56
Species-area relationship
the rate at which new species are seen when the area surveyed
57
Homologous structures-
synonymous parts from divergent evolution
58
Vestigial structures-
unused structures without function
59
Analogous Structures-
synonymous parts from convergent evolution
60
Polyploidy
a condition in which a cell or organism has an extra set, or sets, of chromosomes.
61
Hybrid inviability-
when hybrids cannot form normally in the womb and simply do not survive past the embryonic stages
62
Hybrid sterility-
reproduction leads to hybrid birth and growth that is sterile
63
gradual speciation model
species diverge gradually over time in small steps
64
punctuated equilibrium model
a new species undergoes changes quickly from the parent species, and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time afterward
65
Polymorphisms-
when individuals display different phenotypes or express different alleles of a particular gene
66
Bottleneck effect-
suddenly wiping out a large portion of the population, can magnify genetic drift
67
The founder effect
when the genetic structure changes to match that of the new population’s founding fathers and mothers
68
Assortative mating
an individual’s preference to mate with partners who are phenotypically similar to themselves.
69
Relative fitness-
how an individuals fitness compares to other organisms in the population
70
Frequency-dependent Selection-
favors phenotypes that are either common (positive frequency-dependent selection) or rare (negative frequency-dependent selection)
71
Negative frequency-dependent selection
serves to increase the population’s genetic variance by selecting for rare phenotypes
72
Positive frequency-dependent selection
usually decreases genetic variance by selecting for common phenotypes
73
Phylogeny
the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms
74
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), or lateral gene transfer
the transfer of genes between unrelated species.
75
Transformation
bacteria takes up naked DNA
76
Transduction
a virus transfers the genes
77
Conjugation
a hollow tube, or pilus transfers genes between organisms
78
Ring of life
This is a phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes.
79
Web of life
eukaryotes evolved not from a single prokaryotic ancestor, but from a pool of many species that were sharing genes by HGT mechanisms.
80
Prokaryotes-
single celled organisms, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
81
peptidoglycan
polysaccharides found in cell wall
82
Gram-Positive Bacteria
lack outer membrane
83
Gram-Negative Bacteria
have outer membrane (second lipid bilayer)
84
Endemic disease-
always present, usually at low incidence, in a population
85
Bioremediation-
use prokaryotes to remove pollutants
86
Methanogens-
archaea that produce methane
87
Types of extremophiles
○ Halophiles- thrive in salt
○ Acidophiles- low ph
○ Thermophiles- high temperature
88
Endosymbiosis-
one cell engulfs another and they both survive
89
Protist-
eukaryotic organism that is not animal, plant, or fungi
90
Mixotrophs-
obtain nutrition by photoautotrophic or heterotrophic methods depending on sunlight
91
CHitin
found in fungal cell walls
92
absorptive heterotrophy
Extracellular digestion used by fungi
93
Spore-
a haploid cell that can undergo mitosis to form a multicellular, haploid individual
94
Mycorrhizae-
a mutualistic relationship between a plant and a fungus
95
Mycelium-
mass of fungal hyphae
96
fungal hyphae
- branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.
| - provide soil minerals to the plant
97
Facultative anaerobes-
grow best in presence of oxygen, survive when it is not available
98
haustoria
specialized fungal hyphae that penetrate tissue of host, release digestive enzymes, and absorb
99
Alternation of generations-
- alternate between haploid and diploid generations, protists, plants
- Sporophytes produce spores by meiosis, gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
100
All land plants have
Cuticle, stomata, flavonoids, and alternation of generations
101
Homospory
single type of spores
102
Cephalization
Evolution of a head
103
Coelom
Body cavity
104
Hox genes
determine body plan in most animals
105
Species-Latitude Relationship
Higher diversity at lower latitudes
106
Hadley cells
air circulation patterns that exist between the equator and about 30 degrees north and south of the equator
107
rain shadows
- created by mountain ranges
| - Air masses lose water vapor as they travel over mountains
108
Lake-Effect Snow
More snow on one side of a lake than another because of prevailing wind patterns
109
Intertidal zone –
area of the ocean that is sometimes covered by water sometimes not
110
Neritic zone –
part of the ocean that overlies the continental shelf
111
key oceanic zones
- Photic zone – above 200m
- Aphotic zone – 4,000m – 200m
- Abyssal zone – below 4,000m (Benthic realm)
112
Keeling Curve
Graph that represents the concentration of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere over time
113
Behavioral Ecology –
the study of how organisms respond to particular biotic and abiotic stimuli in their environment
114
Taxis –
moving towards or away from a stimulus
115
Foraging
Searching for and exploiting food resources
116
Deceitful communication –
signal attempts to exploit the receiver
117
Altruism-
behaviors that have a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the receiver
118
Kin Selection –
selection that acts through benefits to relative at the expense of the individual (in relation to altruism)
119
Direct fitness
derived from generating offspring
120
Indirect fitness
derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they would on their own
121
Reciprocal altruism
Individuals act altruistically towards those that have helped them in the past or are likely to do so in the future
122
Intersexual selection –
between sexes
123
Intrasexual selection –
within one sex
124
Monogamous
one male one female
125
Polygynous
one male multiple females
126
Polyandrous
one female multiple males
127
Population
a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
128
Metapopulation
a population made up of smaller populations connected by migration
129
Quadrat sampling
Put a square somewhere and count the number of individual
130
Transect sampling
Walk along lines through a habitat and count every time one of the individuals is observed
131
Survivorship –
proportion of offspring produced that survive on average to a particular age
132
Survivorship curves
Type 1 – humans, type 2 – birds, type 3 – trees
133
R-selection –
high fecundity, low survivorship
134
K-selection –
low fecundity, high surivivorship
135
Community
all the populations of different species that interact in a different area
136
Amensalism
neutral – negative
137
Commensalism
neutral – positive
138
Competition
negative – negative
139
Niche-
range of resource a species is able to use or conditions a species is able to tolerate
140
Fundamental niche –
total theoretical range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate
141
Realized niches-
the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies
142
Constitutive defenses
present even in the absence of consumers
143
Inducible defenses
only present when consumers are present
144
Mimicry
look like something that is dangerous
145
Mullerian mimics:
look dangerous, are dangerous
146
Batesian mimics:
look dangerous, are not dangerous
147
Aggressive mimicry
when a predator mimics a harmless or desirable species
148
Phenotypic plasticity
different phenotypes expressed
149
Symbiosis
close interaction between individuals of different species over an extended period of time that impacts the abundance and distribution of the associating populations
150
Keystone species
- Presence is key to maintaining biodiversity and maintaining community structure
151
Foundation species
- Influence overall structure of a community
- Usually primary producers
- Often produce habitat that other organisms use
152
Primary succession
starts with bare rock (hundreds of years)
153
Secondary succession
there is still soil (after a natural disaster) 200 years
154
How may pioneer species impact the growth of other species?
pioneer species may inhibit, tolerate, or facilitate the growth of other species
155
Distance effect:
farther islands get fewer colonizer species (lower diversity)
156
Species-Area Relationship
Higher diversity in larger areas
157
Ecosystem
the community of interacting species present in a region along with abiotic components such as the soil climate water and atmosphere
158
Ocean upwelling -
the rising of deep ocean waters that occurs when prevailing winds blow along surface waters near a coastline
159
Estuaries -
biomes that occur where a source of fresh water, such as a river, meets the ocean
160
Fecundity
the potential reproductive capacity of an individual within a population
161
Semelparity
when a species reproduces only once during its lifetime and then dies
162
Iteroparity
species that reproduce repeatedly during their lives.
163
Kinesis
the undirected movement in response to a stimulus
164
fixed action pattern
a series of movements elicited by a stimulus such that even when the stimulus is removed, the pattern goes on to completion.
165
Conditioned behaviors
types of associative learning, where a stimulus becomes associated with a consequence.
166
operant conditioning
the conditioned behavior is gradually modified by its consequences as the animal responds to the stimulus.
167
Classical conditioning
a response called the conditioned response is associated with a stimulus that it had previously not been associated with, the conditioned stimulus.
168
Resistance
the ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances
169
Resilience
the speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed.
170
mesocosm
a part of a natural ecosystem that can be used for experiments
171
microcosm
recreating an ecosystem entirely in an indoor or outdoor laboratory environment
172
Biomagnification
the increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level, from the primary producers to the apex consumers
173
Acclimate –
change in morphology, physiology, or behavior of an organism that occurs in response to environmental conditions
174
adaptation –
a genetically determined trait that increases an individuals fitness
175
Exotic species –
have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve
176
Invasive species
exotic species that undergo dramatic population increases in their new habitat that threaten the species that exist there
