Vocab for Body Systems Flashcards

Question

Topical Application

Answer 1

Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

Answer 2

Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles or veins Intracavitary; Intradermal; Intramuscular (IM); Intrathecal; Intravenous (IV); Subcutaneous (SC) or (SQ) or (subQ)

Answer 3

Pharmacology Professional - PharmD Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs

Answer 4

Location for preparing and dispensing drugs The study of preparing and dispensing drugs

Answer 5

Pharmacology Professional - MD or PhD Specialist in the study of properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

Answer 6

Study of a drug's effects in the body

Answer 7

Study of a drug's absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time

Answer 8

Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

Answer 9

Physician's Desk Reference Reference book that lists drug products

Answer 10

Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body

Answer 11

Lack of beneficial response

Answer 12

Desired and beneficial effect of a drug

Answer 13

Exact timing and frequency of drug administration

Answer 14

Adverse reaction, usually minor that routinely results from use of a drug

Answer 15

Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone

Answer 16

Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body

Answer 17

Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect

Answer 18

Harmful effects of a drug

Answer 19

Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body

Answer 20

Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells

Answer 21

United States Pharmacopeia Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing

Answer 22

Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health

Answer 23

Before meals

Answer 24

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Answer 25

Freely; As desired

Answer 26

Acetaminophen

Answer 27

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

Answer 28

Two times a day

Answer 29

Cubic Centimeter

Answer 30

At bedtime

Answer 31

Histamine h2 receptor antagonist

Answer 32

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Answer 33

Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent

Answer 34

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Answer 35

Milliliter

Answer 36

Nothing by mouth

Answer 37

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Answer 38

After Meals

Answer 39

Patient controlled analgesia

Answer 40

As needed; as necessary

Answer 41

Every hour

Answer 42

Every 2 hours

Answer 43

Four times a day

Answer 44

Sufficient quantity

Answer 45

Every morning

Answer 46

Every evening

Answer 47

Prescription

Answer 48

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Answer 49

Directions - how to take medication

Answer 50

If it is necessary

Answer 51

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Answer 52

Tricyclic antidepressant

Answer 53

Three times daily

Answer 54

Lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels. Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor).

Answer 55

Central nervous system stimulant

Answer 56

Relieves pain

Answer 57

Male hormone

Answer 58

Reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local

Answer 59

Lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels

Answer 60

Neutralizes acid in the stomach

Answer 61

Blocks formation of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues

Answer 62

Treats abnormal heart rhythms

Answer 63

Chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body

Answer 64

Prevents blood clotting

Answer 65

Prevents convulsions (abnormal brain activity)

Answer 66

Relieves symptoms of depression

Answer 67

Given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus

Answer 68

Prevents diarrhea

Answer 69

Prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting

Answer 70

Blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy

Answer 71

Agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth

Answer 72

Reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot

Answer 73

Inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach

Answer 74

Acts against viruses such as herpes viruses and HIV

Answer 75

Reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme aromatase

Answer 76

Blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.

Answer 77

Prevents bone loss in osteoporosis

Answer 78

Blocks the entrance of calcium into the heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive;

Answer 79

Drug that treats heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart -Digoxin is an example

Answer 80

Acts on the heart and blood vessels. Includes ACE Inhibitors, Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Statins, and Diuretics

Answer 81

Relieves constipation

Answer 82

Binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 83

Lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver

Answer 84

Increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body

Answer 85

Promotes vomiting

Answer 86

Hormone or Hormone-like drug - Androgens, Estrogens, Progestins, SERMS, Thyroid Hormones & Glucocorticoids

Answer 87

Female Hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues

Answer 88

Relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract - Antacids, Antiulcers, Antidiarrheals, Cathartics, Laxatives, Purgatives, and antiemetics.

Answer 89

Hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation

Answer 90

Produces sleep or a trance-like state

Answer 91

Weak cathartic

Answer 92

Habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility - Morphine and Opium

Answer 93

Female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormonal replacement therapy.

Answer 94

Relieves constipation Strong cathartic

Answer 95

Treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of respiratory system Bronchodilators

Answer 96

Mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep Benzodiazepines

Answer 97

Excites and promotes activity Caffeine and amphetamines

Answer 98

Stimulates cellular metabolism

Answer 99

Controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior

Answer 100

The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, & glands) Integument means covering

Answer 101

Thin, Cellular Membrane Layer Contains Keratin Lacks blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & connective tissue (elastic fibers, cartilage, fat) Made of multilayered cells that die at the same rate they are replaced Within 3-4 weeks after beginning as a basal cell in the deepest part, keratinized cells are sloughed off from the surface of the skin. Constantly renewing itself, process slows with age

Answer 102

Cells that make up the epidermis, they are flat and scale-like Cells are arranged in several layers to form this

Answer 103

Deepest region of the epidermis Cells are constantly growing and multiplying As cells divide, they are pushed upward and away from the blood supply by a steady stream of younger cells.

Answer 104

Most superficial layer of the epidermis Cells flatten, shrink, lose nuclei, die and become filled with keratin.

Answer 105

Hard protein material found in epidermis, hair, and nails Means horn and is commonly found in the horns of animals

Answer 106

Cells that are composed of keratin Come from the stratum corneum

Answer 107

Special cells in the basal layer that contain the pigment that is transferred to other cells and give color to the skin. Number in all human races is the same

Answer 108

Pigment that gives color to skin Amount within each cell accounts for the color differences among the races Eu is black-brown pigment Pheo is red-yellow pigment

Answer 109

Condition wherein melanin is not formed in the skin leaving hair and skin white Eye color varies and ranges from red to blue to brown depending on the amount of melanin present in the iris.

Answer 110

Affects eyes, skin, and hair

Answer 111

Affects the eyes only

Answer 112

Dense, Fibrous, Connective Tissue layer Composed of interwoven elastin and collagen fibers.

Answer 113

Protein that is elastic and helps skin to return to its original position when pinched or poked During pregnancy, overstretching of the skin may break the fibers resulting in striae.

Answer 114

Fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and the skin. Tough and resistant but also flexible. In infancy, loose and delicate, becomes harder as the body ages. Support and protect the blood and nerve networks that pass through dermis. Diseases affect connective tissues of the body - ex: scleroderma

Answer 115

Stretch Marks

Answer 116

Thick, Fat-Containing Tissue Specializes in the formation of fat Adipocytes are predominant Important in protection of the deeper tissues of the body, as a heat insulator and for energy storage

Answer 117

Fat Cells Manufacture and store large quantities of fat Disposition varies in different areas of the body and among individual people

Answer 118

Sacs within which each hair fiber grows

Answer 119

Semilunar whitish region at the base of the nail plate

Answer 120

Narrow band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate

Answer 121

Soft tissue surrounding the nail border

Answer 122

Loosening of the nail plate with separation from the nail bed

Answer 123

Located in the dermal layer of the skin over entire body with exception of palms, soles, lips. Secrete oily substance Ducts open into hair follicles through which sebum is released Influenced by sex hormones, which can cause them to hypertrophy at puberty and atrophy in old age.

Answer 124

Oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands Contain lipids Lubricate the skin and minimize water loss Increased production during puberty contributes to blackhead formation and acne

Answer 125

Tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces Most numerous in the palm and sole Originate deep in the dermis and straighten out to extend up through the epidermis

Answer 126

Most numerous sweat-producing exocrine gland in the skin

Answer 127

Tiny opening on the surface of the skin at the end of a sweat gland

Answer 128

Almost pure water, with dissolved materials such as salt making up less than 1% of the total composition Colorless and odorless - odor comes when sweat accumulates on the skin and is caused by the action of bacteria on the sweat Cools the body as it evaporates Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 129

Large dermal exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas Secretes sweat that in action with bacteria is responsible for human body odor

Answer 130

Area of abnormal tissue anywhere on or in the body. May be caused by disease or trauma

Answer 131

Collection of dried serum and cellular debris - Scab: forms from the drying of a body exudate

Answer 132

Thick-Walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid(s) or semisolid material(s) - Pilonidal: found over the sacral area of back in midline and contains hairs - Epidermoid: collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotum

Answer 133

Wearing away or loss of epidermis Do not penetrate below the dermo-epidermal junction Occur as a result of inflammation or injury and heal without scarring

Answer 134

Groove or crack-like sore - Anal: break in the skin lining of the anal canal

Answer 135

Flat, pigmented measuring less than 1 cm in diameter Freckles, tattoo marks, flat moles - Patch: large macule, greater than 1 cm in diameter

Answer 136

Solid, round or oval elevated measuring 1 cm or more in diameter Enlarged lymph node and solid growths

Answer 137

Small, solid elevation less than 1 cm in diameter May become confluent and form plaques which are elevated - Skin Tag: small benign growths usually attached to the skin via a stalk (pedunculated) - Pimples

Answer 138

Papule containing pus Small abscess (collection of pus) on the skin

Answer 139

Open sore on the skin or mucous membranes - Bedsore: pressure that results from lying in one position (decubitus) - Pressure: usually involve loss of tissue substance and pus or exudate formation

Answer 140

Small collection of clear fluid (serum) Form in skin after burns and may be seen with allergies or dermatitis - Blisters

Answer 141

Smooth, swollen (edematous) papule or plaque that is centrally redder than the surrounding skin May be papular, like mosquito bites, or may involve a wide area, as in some allergic reactions Often accompanied by itching and see in hives, anaphylaxis, and insect bites

Answer 142

Absence of hair from where it normally grows Can be hereditary or may be caused by disease, injury, treatment or may occur with old age Autoimmune disease where hair falls out in round patches without scarring or inflammation

Answer 143

Bluish-Purplish mark (bruise) on the skin Caused by hemorrhages into the skin from injury or spontaneous leaking of blood from vessels

Answer 144

Small pinpoint hemorrhage Smaller versions of ecchymoses

Answer 145

Bleeding into the skin

Answer 146

Itching Condition, NOT an inflammation. Make sure it's spelled right Symptom associated with most forms of dermatitis and with other conditions as well Arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in the skin by substances released in allergic reactions or by irritation caused by substances in the blood or by foreign bodies

Answer 147

Chronic papular and pustular eruption of the skin with increased production of sebum

Answer 148

Caused by buildup of sebum and keratin in the pores of the skin

Answer 149

Open comedo or comedone which forms when the pore is partially blocked by a sebum plug

Answer 150

Closed comedo or comedone which forms when the pore becomes completely blocked

Answer 151

Injury to tissues cause by heat contact Can be caused by dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquid), chemicals, lightning, electricity, or radiation. First-Degree: Superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, and no blisters Second-Degree: Epidermal and dermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia and blisters. Wound is painful and very sensitive to touch and air Third-Degree: Epidermis and dermis are destroyed (necrosis of skin), subcutaneous (subQ) layer is damaged, leaving charred, white tissue. Wound is insensate Second and Third Degree cause breaches in the skin's protective layer and expose underlying issues, allowing pathogens and toxins direct access to the internal environment of the body. Breach also causes loss of water and electrolytes.

Answer 152

Diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain and swelling Abscess formation and tissue destruction can occur if appropriate antibiotic therapy is not given Poor lymphatic drainage areas are susceptible to this infection

Answer 153

Inflammatory Skin Disease with erythematous, papulvesicular, or papulosquamous lesions Often begins on face, hands, and at elbow crease or back of knee crease Atopic means pertaining to atopy, meaning out of place or unusual

Answer 154

Rash due to viral infection - Rubella: German Measles - Rubeola: Measles - Varicella: Chickenpox No longer as common in children because of vaccination programs

Answer 155

Common exanthematous viral disease marked by fever and rash that has "slapped cheek" appearance on the face and later the arms, buttocks, and trunk Caused by parvovirus

Answer 156

Common viral illness in children caused by an enterovirus

Answer 157

Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply Ischemia resulting from injury, inflammation, frostbite, diseases such as diabetes, or arteriosclerosis can lead to necrosis of tissue followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction (proteins are decomposed by bacteria)

Answer 158

Bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions Contagious pyoderma, caused by staphylococci or streptococci Systemic use of antibiotics combined with proper cleansing of lesions is effective treatment

Answer 159

Chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales Commonly involves forearms, knees, legs, and scalp Isn't infectious or contagious Autoinflammatory disease that can run in families Treatment is palliative (relieves doesn't cure)

Answer 160

Contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus Commonly affects areas such as the groin, nipples, and skin between the fingers Topical medicated cream to destroy the scabies mites is treatment

Answer 161

Chronic progressive disease of the skin and internal organs with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue Fibrous scar-like tissue forms in the skin, and the heart, lungs, kidneys, and esophagus may be affected as well Skin is thick, hard, and rigid, with areas of both depigmentation and hyperpigmentation Autoimmune disease for which palliative treatment consists of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents, antifibrotics, and physical therapy

Answer 162

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease Affects joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and lungs Primarily affects females Meaning wolf-like, the shape and color of the erosive skin lesions and tissue loss resembling a wolf attack. Produces a characteristic “butterfly” pattern of redness over the cheeks and nose In more severe cases erythema increases all exposed areas may be involved High levels of certain autoantibodies are found in the patient’s blood Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs are used to control symptoms Photosensitive, scaling, plaque-like eruption of the skin confined to the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms and back Heals with scarring Cutaneous form of tuberculosis

Answer 163

Infection of the skin caused by a fungus. Antifungal agents are used for treatment Corporis - Ringworm Pedis - Athlete's Foot Capitis - On the Scalp Barbae - Under the Beard Unguium - Affects the nails

Answer 164

Acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on skin Often a reaction to foods or medication. Histamine is released into bloodstream causing pruritus and edema.

Answer 165

Loss of pigment in areas of the skin Form of leukoderma Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas through an autoimmune process and there is an increased association with autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus

Answer 166

Increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction

Answer 167

Excess hypertrophied thickened scar developing after trauma or surgical incision

Answer 168

Normal scar left by a healed wound

Answer 169

Thickened and rough lesion of the epidermis Associated with aging or skin damage Caused by long-term UV light exposure A precancerous lesion that can evolve into squamous cell carcinoma Benign lesion, dark in color, results from overgrown of the upper epidermis

Answer 170

White, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of the tongue or cheek Evolves into squamous cell carcinoma One type is a precancerous lesion that is common in smokers and may be caused by chronic inflammation

Answer 171

Pigmented lesion of the skin Commonly known as moles Moles that have atypical cells that may progress to malignant melanoma

Answer 172

Epidermal growth caused by a virus Commonly known as warts Removed with acids, freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryosurgery), or immune therapy If virus remains in the skin, the wart frequently regrows Most frequent type of wart Occur on the soles of the feet Occur on the hands and face of children Occur on the genitals and around the anus

Answer 173

Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis Most common cancer in humans and most common skin cancer Slow-growing tumor that usually occurs on chronically sun- exposed skin Almost never metastasizes

Answer 174

Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis. Tumor may grow in places other than the skin, where squamous epithelium is found (mouth, larynx, bladder, esophagus, lungs). Advanced lesions are often nodular and ulcerated. Treatment is removal by surgical excision, cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and curettage, or radiotherapy.

Answer 175

Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes Usually occurs after prolonged exposure to sunlight in sunburned or darkly tanned areas of the skin Usually begins as a mottled, light brown to black macule with irregular borders May turn shades of red, blue and white and may crust on the surface and bleed Frequently appear on upper back, lower legs, arms, head and neck Biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis of melanoma, and prognosis is best determined by tumor thickness and by the presence of spread to lymph nodes. Treatment of initial lesions consists of excision of tumors and regional lymphadenectomy. Often metastasize to the lung, liver, bone, and brain. For metastatic disease, patients receive drugs that target B-RAF mutations or immunotherapy.

Answer 176

ASSYMETRY - one half unlike the other half BORDER - irregular or poorly circumscribed border COLOR - varies from one area to another; shades of tan, brown, black and sometimes white, red or blue DIAMETER - usually larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser) EVOLUTION - change in lesion over time

Answer 177

Malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules. Frequently on arms and legs Range in color from deep pink to dark blue and purple One form of condition is associated with AIDS

Answer 178

Swelling around the face

Answer 179

Samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms

Answer 180

Pus-filled

Answer 181

Fluid that accumulates

Answer 182

Scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a lab for culture and microscopic identification of fungal infection

Answer 183

Use of subfreezing temperature achieved with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue

Answer 184

Use of a sharp dermal curette to scrape away a skin lesion

Answer 185

Tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark

Answer 186

Thin layers of malignant tissue are removed and each slice gets examined microscopically to check for adequate extent of resection

Answer 187

Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas through an autoimmune process

Answer 188

Surgical instrument removes a core of tissue obtained by rotation of its sharp, circular edge

Answer 189

Tissue is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin

Answer 190

Substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin, and results are observed

Answer 191

Allergen treated piece of gauze or filter paper is applied to the skin, and if the skin becomes red or swollen, the result is positive

Answer 192

Several scratches are made in the skin, and a very minute amount of test material is inserted into the scratches

Answer 193

Used to check for diptheria

Answer 194

Used to check for tuberculosis

Answer 195

Tool medical providers use to quickly assess and estimate the severity of burns, which helps guide their treatment decisions. Adults: arm is 9 (4.5%), leg is 18 (9%), torso is 36 (18%), head is 9 (4.5%), and groin is 1 (1%). Numbers are adjusted for children and infants because their proportions are slightly different. Children: shoulder to elbow is 4%, elbow to wrist is 3%, wrist to fingers is 2.5%, hip to knee is 4%, knee to ankle is 5.5%, ankle to toes is 3.5%, torso is 13%, neck is 2%, head is 6.5%, groin is 1%. Infant: arm is 9%, leg is 14%, torso is 13%, head is 18%, groin is 1%.

Answer 196

Treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions

Answer 197

Medical procedure where a sample of cells or tissue is taken from a patient for the purposes of examination and diagnosis

Answer 198

Dense, hard connective tissue compsing the skeleton Long (femur), short (carpal), flat (scapula), sesamoid (patella)

Answer 199

Flexible, connective tissue Found in immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces

Answer 200

Bone Formation - process in which cartilage is replaced with bone Formation depends largely on proper supply of calcium and phosphorus to bone tissues

Answer 201

Found deep in bone tissues Only bone cells that can undergo mitosis (dividing to make new cells) Undifferentiated bone cells that develop into osteoblasts

Answer 202

Immature osteocytes that produce bony tissue replacing cartilage during ossification These work with osteoclasts throughout life to keep bones healthy and strong When a bone breaks, these lay down mineral bone matter (calcium salts)

Answer 203

Osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix of bone Responsibility is to nourish and maintain bone tissue Most common bone cells

Answer 204

Large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue Also called bone phagocytes Digest bone tissue from inner sides of bone to enlarges inner bone cavity so the bone does not become overly thick and heavy Originate from two types of white blood cells: monocytes and macrophages These work with osteoblasts throughout life to keep bones healthy & strong When a bone breaks, these remove excess bone debris (smooth out bone)

Answer 205

Necessary to facilitate the movement of calcium across the lining of the intestines

Answer 206

In bones combines with phosphorus to give bones rigid structure Important from proper muscle and nervous tissue function Level in blood is tightly regulated by hormones that stimulate release from bones when blood levels are low and stimulate storage when blood levels are high

Answer 207

Major calcium salt in bones

Answer 208

In bones combines with calcium to give bones rigid structure

Answer 209

Most common pathologic condition of bones Usually a result of trauma Can be result of severe muscle spasms and/or weakening of the bone from disease Classification is based on complexity, location, and other distinguishing characteristics Some types occur only in specific bones

Answer 210

Result from the weakening of bone because of disease such as neoplasms, Paget's disease, or osteoporosis

Answer 211

Happens when a piece of skull is broken free and is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain

Answer 212

Involves putting the bone back into proper place, if necessary, and then immobilization

Answer 213

Process of putting bone back into proper place for fracture treatment Can be performed open or closed. Closed - performed through manipulation of the affected area to ease bone back into position Open - surgical procedure performed by opening skin around affected area and manipulating bone directly - often includes fixation with rods, plates, screws, etc.

Answer 214

Most of the time can be achieved by use of a cast Some areas, such as clavicle or ribs, cannot be casted, so other means are used

Answer 215

Specialized connective tissue that bones are chiefly composed of

Answer 216

Shaft, or middle region, of a long bone

Answer 217

Each end of a long bone

Answer 218

Represents an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows Commonly knows as the growth plate Cartilage cells at the edges form new bone which is responsible for lengthening bones during childhood an adolescence Plate calcifies and disappears when bone has achieved full growth

Answer 219

Flared portion of bone that lies between epiphysis and diaphysis, adjacent to epiphyseal plate

Answer 220

Strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at ends of epiphyses. Has extensive nerve supply Covers all bones

Answer 221

Very smooth, strong, slick tissue that covers the end of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint Cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently When two bones come together to form a joint, the bones do not touch, this that caps the end of one bone comes into contact with this that caps the other bone Does not disappear like cartilage of epiphyseal line or plate, but is present throughout life

Answer 222

Layer of hard, dense bone that lies under periosteum in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones

Answer 223

System of small canals in the compact (cortical) bone containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products like carbon dioxide

Answer 224

Area of compact bone that is tunneled out in the central shaft of the long bones that contains yellow bone marrow

Answer 225

Composed chiefly of fat cells

Answer 226

Sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone Much more porous and less dense that compact bone Mineral matter laid down in series of separated bony fibers making up spongy latticework Spaces contain red bone marrow

Answer 227

Interwoven fibers found largely in epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most other bones

Answer 228

Consists of immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development

Answer 229

Production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

Answer 230

Name of the joints where cranial bones join each other

Answer 231

Soft Spots - "Little Fountains" Gaps of unossified tissue in the skull at birth

Answer 232

Forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes

Answer 233

Two bones (one bone on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium

Answer 234

Two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible

Answer 235

Area of connection between temporal and mandibular bones

Answer 236

Round process of the temporal bone behind the ear

Answer 237

Projects downward from the temporal bone

Answer 238

Forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture

Answer 239

Opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone that the spinal cord passes through

Answer 240

Bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull Serves as an anchor to hold frontal, occipital and ethmoid bones together

Answer 241

Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

Answer 242

Thin, delicate bone that supports nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes Composed primarily of spongy, cancellous bone that contains numerous small holes

Answer 243

Enlarged areas that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Answer 244

Openings or hollow regions serving as connections between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Answer 245

Rounded end of bone

Answer 246

Rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone

Answer 247

Small rounded process above condyle

Answer 248

Large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur

Answer 249

Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneus (heel bone), and pelvis)

Answer 250

Narrow groove or slit-like opening ie: orbital fissure (eye socket)

Answer 251

Opening for blood vessels and nerves ie: foramen magnum of the skull

Answer 252

Shallow cavity in or on a bone ie: olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus

Answer 253

Hollow cavity within bone ie: sinuses of the skull

Answer 254

Two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose They join with the frontal bone superiorly and form part of this septum

Answer 255

Two small, thin bones located at corner of each eye Contain fossae for the gland and canals for passage of the duct

Answer 256

Two large bones that compose massive upper jawbones Joined by suture in median plane

Answer 257

When the two bones of the maxillary do not come together normally before birth

Answer 258

Lower jawbone joins skull at the region of the temporal bone forming the TMJ on either side of the skull Only facial bone capable of movement which is necessary for activities such as chewing and speaking

Answer 259

Both maxilla and mandible contain these sockets that have teeth embedded in them

Answer 260

Two bones, one on each side of the face, that form high portion of the cheek

Answer 261

Thin, single, flat bone that forms lower portion of nasal septum

Answer 262

Located in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes through

Answer 263

Composed of 26 bone segments that are arranged in five divisions from base of skull to tailbone

Answer 264

Name of bone segments in spinal column

Answer 265

Fibrocartilaginous structures that separate the bones of the spinal column Provides flexibility and absorbs shocks to spinal column

Answer 266

Occurs when tear in an intervertebral disc causes a portion of the disc to bulgd out into the neural canal

Answer 267

Inner, thick, round anterior portion of each bone segment in the spinal column

Answer 268

Bony projection off the posterior of each vertebra Serves to attach muscles and ligaments

Answer 269

Bony projection on either side of each vertebra Serves as a point of attachment for muscles that help move the vertebrae as well as ligaments that stabilize the vertebral column

Answer 270

Flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal Provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord Connects spinous process and transverse process

Answer 271

Space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes

Answer 272

First seven bones of the vertebral column Form the bony aspect of the neck C1-C7 Do not articulate (join) with the ribs

Answer 273

Second set of twelve vertebral bones T1-T12 These vertebrae articulate with the ribs

Answer 274

Third set of five vertebral bones L1-L5 Strongest and largest of the vertebrae Do not articulate with the ribs

Answer 275

Five separate bones that fuse in a young child. In an adult, the sacrum is a slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone.

Answer 276

The tailbone - also a fused bone formed from four small coccygeal bones

Answer 277

Collar Bone Slender bone, positioned anteriorly (ventrally), one on each side Connects the breastbone (sternum) to each shoulder blade (scapula)

Answer 278

Shoulder Blade One of two flat, triangular bones on each dorsal side of the thorax

Answer 279

Extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder

Answer 280

Formed by the joining of the the acromion and the scapula

Answer 281

Shoulder joint

Answer 282

Breastbone Flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest Upper part articulates on the sides with the clavicle and ribs Lower, narrower portion is attached to the ribs, diaphragm and abdominal muscles

Answer 283

Lowest part of the sternum

Answer 284

Uppermost portion of the sternum

Answer 285

There are twelve pairs 1-7 join with the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly 8-10 join with the vertebral column posteriorly, but join the 7th anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum 11 and 12 are completely free at their anterior ends

Answer 286

Cartilaginous attachments that join the first seven pairs of ribs to the sternum anteriorly

Answer 287

Ribs one through seven Join with the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly

Answer 288

Ribs eight through ten Join with the vertebral column posteriorly but join the 7th anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum

Answer 289

Ribs eleven and twelve Completely free at their anterior ends

Answer 290

Upper Arm Bone Large head is rounded and joins with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder or the glenohumeral joint

Answer 291

Rim of fibrocartilage that guides the humerus as it moves in the glenoid fossa

Answer 292

Group of muscles with tendons that surround the shoulder joint

Answer 293

Medial forearm bone

Answer 294

Proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow Bony point formed when the elbow is bent Elbow bone

Answer 295

Lateral forearm bone In line with thumb

Answer 296

Two rows of four bones in the wrist

Answer 297

Five bones in the palm of the hand

Answer 298

Finger bones Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges: a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx The thumb has only two phalanges: a proximal and a distal phalanx

Answer 299

Collection of bones that supports the trunk of the body Articulates with the femur to form the hip joint Adult is composed of three pairs of fused bones: iium, ischium, and pubis Joins with the single posteriorly (dorsally) located sacrum

Answer 300

Uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis

Answer 301

Joining of two parts of the ilium and the sacrum on either side Very firm and very little motion occurs in these joints

Answer 302

Superior part of the ilium Filled with red bone marrow and serves as attachment for abdominal wall muscles as well as strong muscles of the him and buttocks

Answer 303

Inferior or lower part of the pelvis, which along with ligaments, tendons and muscles attached to it are what you sit on

Answer 304

Anterior part of the pelvis

Answer 305

Two pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disc Area is quite rigid

Answer 306

Region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle Rectum, sigmoid colon, bladder, and female reproductive organs lie within and are protected by the rigid architecture of the pelvic girdle

Answer 307

Thigh bone Longest bone in the body At proximal end it has a rounded head that fits into a depression, or socket, in pelvis

Answer 308

Socket in pelvis that femur fits into named because of resemblance to rounded cup Romans used for vinegar (acetum)

Answer 309

Head of the femur and the acetabulum form this ball-and-socket joint

Answer 310

Kneecap Small, flat bone that lies in front of the articulation between the femur and the tibia Sesamoid bone surrounded by protective tendons and held in place by muscle attachments

Answer 311

Created by meeting of femur, tibia, and patella

Answer 312

Shin Bone Larger of the two bones of the lower leg Runs under the skin in the front part of the leg Joins with the femur and patella proximally

Answer 313

Smaller of the two lower legs bones Thin bone, well hidden under leg muscles, runs parallel to tibia

Answer 314

Round process on both sides of the ankle joint

Answer 315

Distal end of the tibia forms a flare creating bony prominence at the inside of the ankle

Answer 316

Distal end of the fibula forms a flare creating bony prominence on the outside of the ankle

Answer 317

Created by meeting of tibia, fibula and talus

Answer 318

First of the tarsal bones and one of the bones that forms the ankle joint

Answer 319

Bones of the hind and mid parts of the foot Seven short bones resemble carpal bones of the wrist but are larger

Answer 320

Heel Bone Largest of the tarsal bones

Answer 321

Five bones between the tarsals and phalanges Similar to metacarpals, each articulates with the phalanges of the toes

Answer 322

Bones of the forefoot Two phalanges in the big toe (a proximal and a distal phalanx) and three in each of the other toes (a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx)

Answer 323

Fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

Answer 324

Fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones Bands, sheets, or strands located in and around joints Anchor one bone to another Add considerable strength to joint capsule in critical areas

Answer 325

Medical doctor who specialize in bone, joint and muscle conditions

Answer 326

Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation

Answer 327

Coming together of tow or more bones

Answer 328

immovable joints ie: between skull bones

Answer 329

Freely movable joints

Answer 330

Hip Shoulder

Answer 331

Elbow Knee Ankle

Answer 332

Surrounds synovial joint Composed of fibrous tissue

Answer 333

Smooth, glistening white tissue that covers bones at the joint

Answer 334

Lies under the joint capsule in the synovial cavity

Answer 335

Space between the bones Filled with special lubricating fluid produced by synovial membrane

Answer 336

Contains water and nutrients that nourish articular cartilage Minimizes friction allowing joints to move smoothly Similar in viscosity to egg whites

Answer 337

Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure Partly divides joint cavity Acts as protective cushion Helps evenly transfer weight from one bone to another Present in a few joints, but most well known are ones in the knee

Answer 338

Closed sac of synovial fluid lines with synovial membrane Located near, but not within joint Present wherever two types of tissue need to slide past one another with as little friction as possible Serve as layers of lubrication between tissues Common sites are between the following: * tendons and bones, * ligaments and bones * skin and bones where bony anatomy is prominent Common locations are the following: * elbow (olecranon) joint * knee (prepatellar) joint * shoulder (subacromial) joint

Answer 339

Inflammation of any joint

Answer 340

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine

Answer 341

Inflammation and painful swelling in an around joints Caused by uric acid crystal deposits

Answer 342

Congenital defect in metabolism of uric acid causes too much to accumulate in the blood

Answer 343

Name for gouty arthritis when it affects the big toe

Answer 344

Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hyper trophy of bone at articular surfaces

Answer 345

Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain Caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane

Answer 346

Fibrous tissue forms and calcifies at the joint preventing movement

Answer 347

Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at base of big toe

Answer 348

Another name for bunion Great toe; abnormal angulation of the toe

Answer 349

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist

Answer 350

Displacement of a bone from its joint

Answer 351

Disruption of articulation between head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Answer 352

Disruption of articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis

Answer 353

Treatment for dislocation which restores bones to their normal positions

Answer 354

Partial or incomplete dislocation

Answer 355

Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons in the hand

Answer 356

Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves Commonly referred to as a "slipped disc"

Answer 357

Pain radiating down the leg

Answer 358

Removal of a portion of the protruding disc

Answer 359

Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia or malaise Caused by bacterium carried by a tick

Answer 360

Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around the joint

Answer 361

Injury involving overstretching of the muscle

Answer 362

Makes up the muscles connected to the bones of the skeleton Also known as skeletal muscle Voluntary muscles, controlled by the conscious mind through central and peripheral nervous system Move all bones, as well as controlling all facial expression and eye movements Cells have appearance of pattern of dark and light bands in the cytoplasm under the microscope Arranged un bundles and each connects with neuron of the of the nervous system providing a way to communicate with the brain. Don't work properly without effect communication from the nervous system Each cell has only one nucleus

Answer 363

Pattern of dark and light bands in cytoplasm of striated muscles

Answer 364

Found throughout body in visceral organs, secretory ducts, and walls of blood vessels Called visceral because of connection to visceral organs Involuntary muscles, not controlled by conscious mind Uniform shape and appearance under microscope Each cell has only one nucleus Arranged in sheets that wrap around structures Some interaction with nervous system Muscles can respond to hormonal and other local stimuli

Answer 365

Only found in the heart Shares qualities with both skeletal and visceral muscle tissues Striated but structurally different due to branching appearance and have one or two nuclei. Involuntary muscle that cannot be controlled by the conscious mind Do not require interaction with nervous system for all functions Respond to hormonal and local stimuli and electronically communicate with surrounding cells to coordinate muscular contractions

Answer 366

Point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone Most often, lies proximal in skeleton For biceps, it's at the scapula

Answer 367

Point of junction of the muscle to the bones that moves Most often, lies distal in skeleton For biceps, its at the radius

Answer 368

Closes eyelids and wrinkles forehead

Answer 369

Turns head

Answer 370

Adducts, Flexes, Rotates shoulder inward

Answer 371

Flexes and supinates forearm

Answer 372

Extends forearm and adducts arm

Answer 373

Abducts shoulder

Answer 374

Elevates shoulder

Answer 375

Closes jaw for chewing

Answer 376

Closes Jaw

Answer 377

Raises eyelids and Draws scalp backward

Answer 378

Extends, Abducts, and Rotates thigh externally

Answer 379

Flex the knee and Extend the hip Smimembranosus Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus

Answer 380

Bends knee and lifts hill off ground

Answer 381

Raises the heel

Answer 382

Helps with "push-off action when walking"

Answer 383

Abducts the thigh

Answer 384

Extends the knee

Answer 385

Decreasing the angle between two bones Bending a limb

Answer 386

Increasing the angle between two bones Straightening out a limb

Answer 387

Movement away from the midline of the body

Answer 388

Movement toward the midline of the body

Answer 389

Circular movement around an axis (central point). Internal: toward the center of the body External: away from center of the body

Answer 390

Decreasing angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling

Answer 391

Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal.

Answer 392

Hand and Forearm: where the elbow is bent, act of turning the palm up Foot : outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

Answer 393

Hand and Forearm: where the elbow is bent, act of turning the palm down Foot: inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

Vocab for Body Systems Flashcards

(431 cards)