Vocab quiz 2 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
anorexia
A
lack or loss of appetite for food
2
Q
calorie
A
– unit of heat, often used to calculate the amount of energy contained in a particular food
3
Q
carbohydrate
A
a nutrient composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, i.e., starches and sugars
4
Q
fiber
A
indigestible carbohydrate found in plant foods and connective tissues of meats. Also known as roughage or bulk
5
Q
metabolism
A
the sum total of all the physical and chemical changes that takes place within an organism
6
Q
mineral
A
an inorganic element or compound occurring in nature
7
Q
nutrient
A
any food that supplied the body with the chemicals necessary for metabolism
8
Q
nutrition
A
the ingestion and utilization of food by which growth, repair, and maintenance of activities in the body are accomplished
9
Q
protein
A
an organic substance that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and that yields amino acids upon hydrolysis
10
Q
vitamin
A
any of a group of organic substances other than proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and organic salts which are essential for metabolism, growth, and development
11
Q
acute urinary incontinence
A
refers to a transient and reversible loss of urine
12
Q
chronic urinary incontinence
A
may be classified as one of four main types: stress, urge, overflow and functional
13
Q
enuresis
A
involuntary urination. May be complete or partial, diurnal or nocturnal, dependent on pathological or functional causes, or it may be voluntary as representative of a behavior pattern
14
Q
incontinence
A
inability to retain urine, semen, or feces through loss of sphincter control or because of cerebral or spinal lesions
15
Q
perineal
A
referring to the perineum, i.e., pelvic floor
16
Q
urinary retention
A
the accumulation of urine in the bladder and the inability of the bladder to empty itself
17
Q
anus
A
opening at the end of the anal canal
18
Q
bowel incontinence
A
- the inability of the anal sphincter to control the discharge of fecal and gaseous material
19
Q
constipation
A
passage of dry, hard fecal material
20
Q
defecation
A
emptying of the intestinal tract, bowel movement
21
Q
fecal impaction
A
collection in the rectum of hardened feces that cannot be passed
22
Q
fecal incontinence
A
involuntary or inappropriate passing of stool or flatus
23
Q
feces
A
intestinal waste product
24
Q
flatus
A
intestinal gas
25
peristalsis
involuntary, progressive, wave-like movement of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract
26
laxative
drug used for emptying the intestinal tract
27
circadian rhythm
– diverse yet predictable changes in physiological variables over a 24-hour period
28
delta sleep
– deep sleep, occurring during stages III an especially stage IV in NREM sleep
29
insomnia
in falling asleep, intermittent sleep, or early awakening from sleep
30
melatonin
a natural chemical produced at night that decreases wakefulness and promotes sleep
31
narcolepsy
condition characterized by an uncontrolled desire to sleep
32
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
sleep during which non-rapid eye movements occurs and has four stages
33
rest
- condition in which the body is in a decreased state of activity, with the consequent feeling of being refreshed
34
sleep
- state of altered consciousness throughout which varying degrees of stimuli preclude wakefulness
35
sleep apnea
- a condition in which a person experiences the absence of breathing (apnea) or diminished breathing effort (hypopnea) during sleep between snoring intervals
36
sleep cycle
- passage through the four stages of NREM sleep (I, II, III, IV), then reversal (IV, III, II), and finally, instead of reentering stage I and awakening, entering REM sleep and returning to stage II
37
somnambulsim
sleepwalking
38
adaption
adjustment of living with other living things and environmental conditions
39
anxiety
– vague sense of impending doom or apprehension precipitated by new and unknown experiences
40
crisis
occurs when coping and defense mechanisms are no longer effective, resulting in high levels of anxiety, disorganized behavior, and the inability to function normally
41
defense mechanisms
– forms of self-deception, unconscious process that the self uses to protect itself from anxiety or threats to self-esteem
42
fight or flight response
the generalized response to an emergency situation, the body prepares itself against threat by either resisting (fight) or evading (flight) the danger
43
psychosomatic disorder
– physiological alterations and illness believed to be due to psychological influences
44
reality orientation
technique to prevent confusion or disorientation
45
sensory deficit
impaired or absent functioning of one or more senses
46
sensory deprivation
condition resulting from decreased sensory input or input that is monotonous or meaningless
47
sensory overload
condition resulting from excessive sensory input, to which the brain is unable to respond meaningfully
48
stress
any physical, physiological, or psychological force that disturbs equilibrium
49
stressor
an agent or condition capable of producing stress
50
boil
– a furuncle, an acute circumscribed inflammation of the subcutaneous layers of the skin of a gland, or a hair follicle
51
chancre
the primary lesion of syphilis, appearing at the site of entry of the infection, approximately two or three weeks after exposure. Begins as a papule which breaks down into an ulcer
52
dermatitis
inflammation of skin evidenced by itching, redness, and various skin lesions
53
dermatologist
a physician who specializes in treating diseases of the skin
54
emollient
– an agent that moisturizes, softens and soothes the surface to which it is applied, usually the skin
55
erythema
redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries. Occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. Can accompany a localized or generalized macular rash
56
hives
eruption of very itchy wheals, caused by an allergic reaction or by sudden sharp changes in climate; synonym for urticaria
57
inflammation
– tissue reaction to injury. Manifested by pain, heat, redness, swelling and disordered function
58
keloid
– overgrowth of collagenous scar tissue at the site of a wound of the skin
59
lesion
any visible, local abnormality of the tissues of the body, such as a wound, sore, rash, or boil
60
malignant neoplasm
– a growth that infiltrates tissue, metastasizes and often recurs after attempts at surgical removal
61
mole
a pigmented skin blemish, a nevus
62
regeneration
the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function
63
sebaceous gland
oils secreting gland of the skin. The glands are simple or branched alveolar glands, most of which are open to hair follicles. They are holocrine glands, their secretion is called sebum. Most, but not all sebaceous glands have a hair follicle associated with them.
64
vitiligo
a cutaneous condition characterized by milk-white patches surround by areas of normal pigmentation. Affects all ages and races, but most noticeable in people with dark skin
65
wart
a circumscribed cutaneous elevation resulting from hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis. It is caused by a virus
66
debride
to remove foreign material and dead or damaged tissue, especially in a wound
67
decubitus
ulcer resulting from increased pressure on skin surfaces over bony prominences
68
exudate
– fluid that accumulates in a wound; may contain serum, cellular debris, bacteria, and white blood cells
69
granulation tissue
new tissue, pink/red in color, composed of fibroblasts and small blood vessels that fill an open wound when it starts to heal.
70
ischemia
a temporary deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue
71
necrosis
death of cells, tissues, or organs
72
biological sex
chromosomal sexual development , external and internal genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, and hormonal states.
73
gender identity
: the inner sense a person has of being male or female (or other) which may be the same as or different from that person’s biological sex.
74
sexuality
degree to which a person exhibits and experiences maleness and femaleness physically, emotionally, and mentally
75
sexual health
the integration of the somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of sexual being.
76
auscultation
listening to sounds produced within different body structures created by the movement of air of fluid
77
inspection
visual inspection of different aspects of the patient
78
objective data
information perceptible to the senses; may be verified by another person; what you detect during the examination
79
palpation
examination of different organs of the body using the sense of touch
80
percussion
the use of sound to examine different organs of the body
81
subjective data
information perceived only by the affected person; what the patient tells you
82
assessment
the first phase of the nursing process, involves data collection, organization and validation. The purpose is to establish a database about the client’s response to health concerns or illness to determine the client’s nursing care needs
83
critical thinking
the ability to interpret argument, evidence, or raw information in a logical and unbiased fashion; the ability to solve complex problems effectively
84
deduction
reasoning from the general to the particular
85
dependent actions
actions that require an order from a physician or other health care provider
86
evaluation
the phase of the nursing process when the nurse and client determine if the goal(s) has been achieved
87
implementation
the phase of the nursing process when nursing interventions, nursing actions and care are carried out with the client
88
independent actions
nursing actions initiated by the nurse that do not require direction or an order from a physician or other health care provider
89
induction
reasoning from the particular to the general
90
interdependent actions
those actions that are implemented in a collaborative manner by the nurse with other health care professionals
91
nursing diagnosis
a statement describing a combination of signs or symptoms indicative of an actual or potential health problem that nurse are able, licensed and accountable to treat
92
nursing process
a five step systematic method for organizing and delivering nursing care
93
outcome criteria
specific behaviors related to the goal that are measurable, have a time limit,and are realistic
94
problem
a situation in which a client is experiencing difficulty in meeting his/her needs, in coping, etc.
95
additive effect
therapeutic effect of a combination of two or more drugs that is equal to the sum of the individual drug effects
96
adverse effect
– in pharmacology and therapeutics, an undesirable side effect or toxicity caused by a treatment
97
antagonist
the ability of a drug or a muscle to oppose or resist the action or effect of another drug or muscle; opposite of synergistic action
98
cumulative action
sudden increased action of a drug after several doses have been given
99
drug allergy
– immunologic reaction to a drug which a person has already been sensitized
100
drug dependence (physical)
– state of physiological adaptation to a drug that manifests itself by an intense physical disturbance when the drug is withdrawn
101
drug dependence psychological
state of emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of well-being
102
enteral
– involving or passing through the intestine, either naturally via the mouth or esophagus, or through an artificial opening
103
first pass effect
– when the medication is metabolized to a great extent by the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation
104
half life
– the amount of time it takes for half a dose of a drug to be eliminated from the body
105
idiosyncratic action
an unexpected effect produced by a drug in a given individual
106
overdose
an excessive and potentially toxic amount of a medication given in error or taken intentionally
107
parenteral
denoting any medication route other than the alimentary canal, such as intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or mucosal
108
poisoning
administration of a toxic substance or large overdose, or illness caused by a toxic substance introduced into the body
109
side effect
an action or effect of a drug other than that desired, commonly an undesirable effect
110
synergistic action
– the ability of a drug or muscle to aid or enhance the action or effect of another drug or muscle; opposite of antagonistic action
111
toxic action
deleterious effects of a drug, usually results from overdose or accumulation of a drug in the bloodstream
112
active transport
– physiologic pump that moves fluid from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy 4
113
albumin
any of a group of simple proteins widely distributed in plant and animal tissues; found in blood as serum albumin; in humans, its principle function to provide colloid osmotic pressure
114
colloid osmotic pressure
pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body; synonym for oncotic pressure
115
diffusion
– the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; does not require energy 4
116
edema
accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces
117
electrolyte
a substance that, in solution, conducts an electric current and is decomposed by its passage
118
extracellular fluid
body fluid that is found in the vascular and interstitial spaces
119
filtration
– passage of a fluid through a permeable membrane whose spaces do not allow certain solutes to pass; passage is from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
120
hematocrit (Hct)
the volume of erythrocytes packed by centrifuge in a given volume of blood
121
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen from the lungs to the blood
122
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction 4
123
hypotonic solution
having a lesser osmolarity than plasma/serum (<275 mOsm/L)
124
hypertonic solution
having a greater osmolarity than plasma/serum (>295 mOsm/L)
125
isotonic solution
a solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids fluid
126
interstitial
pertaining to the spaces between the cells
127
intracellular fluid
body fluid that is found inside the cell
128
isotonic
– having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared
129
obligatory loss
– the amount of water the body needs to lose in 24 hours in order to remove waste products from the blood and through vaporization
130
osmosis
passage of a solvent from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established
131
osmolality
– a measure of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent (Osm/kg)
132
osmolarity
a measure of osmoles per liter of solution (Osm/L) 1; concentration of particles in a solution, or its pulling force
133
tonicity
fluid tension or the effect that osmotic pressure of a solution with impermeable solutes exerts on cell size because of water movement across the cell membrane
134
crime
an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law
135
defendant
person being accused of a crime
136
delegation
the transfer of responsibility for the performance of an activity to another person while retaining accountability for the outcome
137
law
rule of conduct established and enforced by the government of a society
138
libel
– a written defamatory statement or representation that conveys an unjustly unfavorable impression
139
litigation
process of bringing and trying a lawsuit
140
malpractice
negligence of a specifically trained or educated person in the performance of his or her job which results in harm to the client
141
misdemeanor
a crime less serious than a felony, i.e., not punishable by death or imprisonment in a state institution
142
nonmaleficence
- principle of avoiding harm
143
plaintiff
person bringing forward a lawsuit
144
tort
a wrong committed by a person against another person or that person’s property; trial happens in a civil court
145
Arteriosclerosis:
Diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles thicken.
146
Atherosclerosis:
Disease process that affects the intima of the large and medium-sized arteries; consists of the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of a large - or medium-sized artery
147
Peripheral Vascular Disease - (PVD)
Any condition that disrupts blood flow to veins or arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and coronary arteries.
148
rubor
Reddish, blue discoloration of skin.
149
Vasoconstriction
A narrowing of the lumen of any blood vessel.
150
Vasodilation
Widening or distention of any blood vessel.
