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1
Q

Addiction:

A

Treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, environment, and individual life experiences.

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2
Q

Withdrawal:

A

Occurs when a user discontinues drug administration and may include several symptoms of pain and dysphoria, including vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headache, depression, irritability, anxiety, stomach cramps

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3
Q

Tolerance:

A

The need to increase the dosage of a drug to produce the same effect, the user becomes increasingly insensitive to the drug’s effects.

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4
Q

Alcohol-Induced Blackouts

A

Typically associated with consuming excessive amounts of alcohol that can lead to impaired memory of events that transpired while intoxicated.

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5
Q

Brownouts (Grayouts):

A

most common type, fragmentary blackout, characterized by spotty memories for events

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6
Q

Synergistic Effect:

A

With respect to drug effect, when a combination of two or more drugs are taken, the effect will be multiplicative, rather than simply additive.

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7
Q

Drug effects may be determined by

A

Pharmacological properties, Age, gender, race, weight, set, setting, Etc.

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8
Q

Set:

A

The effects of psychedelic drugs are dependent first and foremost upon set – personality, preparation, expectation, and intention of the person having the experience

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9
Q

Setting;

A

The effects of psychedelic drugs are dependent first and foremost upon setting – the physical, social, and cultural environment in which the experience takes place.

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10
Q

A Standard Drink Size: Beer, Malt liquor, Table Wine, Shot of distilled

A

12fl oz beer
8-9fl oz of malt liquor
5fl oz table wine
1.5fl oz shot of distilled spirits (vodka whiskey rum ect.)

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11
Q

Impulsivity:

A

The person seeks pleasure without checking negative consequences and the behavior is more ego-syntonic and voluntary in nature

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12
Q

Compulsion:

A

is characterized by ingrained inflexibility, and the compulsive behavior is more ego- dystonic, involuntary, and stress-relieving in nature

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13
Q

Habit:

A

These conditionings lead to the formation of habit; the initially voluntary behavior now becomes a habit which compels the person to continue the use or the act even in the absence of pleasure and reward

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14
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks

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15
Q

Risks to Moral Model?

A

Addiction counselors may carry internalized biases that reflect moral model attitudes and should work to increase their awareness so that they do not influence their work with clients

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16
Q

Biological Theory:

A

Certain biological traits (inherited or acquired) may increase the likelihood of eventual drug abuse or addiction, particularly in the presence of other external influences.

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17
Q

Biological traits
Inherited

A

Genetic factor
Genetic effects on behavior occur because they affect an individual’s susceptibility to adverse environments

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18
Q

Biological traits

A

Acquired (Neuroadaptation)
Frequent and chronic use

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19
Q

Brain Disease Model: (A brain Disease Model of Addiction)

A

that drugs of abuse act directly on brain mechanisms responsible for reward and punishment. Addiction changes brain circuits.

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20
Q

Under the Brain Disease Model what brain circuit changes due to addiction?

A

Reward/saliency (Tolerance)
Motivation/Drive (withdrawal
Memory/Learning (blackout)
Inhibitory/Control (cavings/Urge)

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21
Q

Other Factors under Biological Theory

A

Gender, Race, Age

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22
Q

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

A

We learn by:
Observing others
Modeling or imitation of significant others (indirect learning)
The formation of conditioned responses (e.g., positive or negative reinforcement, punishment) (Direct Learning)

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23
Q

Psychological Theories?

A
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24
Q

Co-Occurring Disorders (COD)

25
theories Explaining COD
Addiction is secondary to a psychiatric disorder (self-medication) and Psychopathology or a psychiatric disorder is secondary to addiction
26
Addiction is secondary to a psychiatric disorder (self-medication)
Self-Medication (COD): Biological/psychological Theories Self medicating a preexisting disorder (physical: pain, sleep disturbance or psychological: anxiety, depression, trauma)
27
Psychopathology or a psychiatric disorder is secondary to addiction
a psychiatric disorder is induced by the pharmacologic or psychological effects of alcohol or drugs. (adolescent-onset cannabis use may trigger adult schizophreniform disorder if the person possesses certain genes)
28
Hybrid Model:
An initially secondary disorder may later become primary disorder (About 90% of people with a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder have coexistent SUD)
29
Adverse Childhood Experience Theory (ACES)
formulations, theories explaining mental illness or psychopathology have emphasized the lasting impact of early childhood experience, but it is only recently that systematic scientific research on childhood adversity and its impact has emerged
30
ACEs affect an adult in various areas:
addiction other psychiatric disorders Chronic physical illness Low life opportunities Intimate partner violence
31
Adverse childhood experience is defined as a child’s experiencing of one or more of the following ten categories:
Emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, spousal abuse between parents, parental divorce or separation, household substance abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, mental illness in household, criminal household member
32
Unequal footing to begin with, population?
Generalized only to substance-abusing women of the middle or lower socioeconomic groups. Fetal alcohol syndrome The turbulent and unstable family situation Growing up in an environment where grandmother, mother, father, aunts, sibling, and/or equal cousins all used AOD Physical and/or sexual abuse or exploitation during childhood AOD use at an early age caused many to drop out of school before completing the 6/7 grade
33
Maslow’s needs of Hierarchy
Sense of Well Being, Safety, love and worth
34
William Glasser’s “weak” model
Not sufficient Love and Worth? Each choice is a pain-reducing step:
35
The first choice of “the weak”
giving up They give up because it hurts more to keep trying when the effort always fails We quit because the pain of attempting to find happiness and not finding it hurts much more than giving up: impulsive, immediate gratification, low frustration tolerance, avoidance, lack of problem solving skills vs: resilience, life skills, long-term goals
36
The second choice of the weak
the symptom Giving up is no longer satisfactory; the pain has returned and in a further attempt to reduce suffering he has made one of the common second choices to become depressed (or act out, to become psychotic, psychosomatic…) Second choice is less painful than the first
37
The third choice of the weak: Negative Addiction
essentially successful choice in the series of choices made by people who are unable to find sufficient love and worth Not only is the pain gone but it is replaced by an intense pleasure that the person has never before experienced
38
Sociological Theories
39
Strain theory
40
Subcultural theory
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Social Factor/Macro Factor
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Biopsychosocial model
43
Multivariate model
44
Public Health Model
45
The ACQS Model
A: Fundamentals of addiction C: Co:occurring disorders Q: Quality of Life S: Social Factors
46
Classification of drugs
Opioids, Stimulants, Depressants, Hallucinogens, Cannabinoids, Dissociatives, Inhalants, Anabolic-androgenic steroids, Club drugs, Prescription drugs
47
Motivational Interviewing (MI)
An evidence-based treatment approach Relational and technical component. Uses strengths base perspectives
48
MI Relational Component
3 essential psychological needs: autonomy, competency, relatedness
49
OARS
Open-ended Questions, Affirming, Reflective Listening, Summarizing Interviewing strategies that facilitate empathy from a clinician to a client, which helps to build an alliance and a sense of relatedness between the client and the clinician.
50
Self Determination Theory:
Humans have 3 essential psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness – which if filled can result in integrity, well-being, and continuous psychological growth
51
MI Technical Component
directive client-centered approach Being “Directive” involves many specific techniques on the part of a clinician, especially in guiding a client to pass through the different stages of change to achieve sobriety
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Stages of Change
Precontemplation Contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance (Relapse)
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Precontemplation
55
Contemplation
Facilitate a client moving from the contemplation stage to the preparation stage Enhance clients self-efficacy Change talk: Any client language that supports movement toward chang
56
Preparation
Help the client prepare a plan for change Guide him/her to clarify goals for change Explore his/her options for change/treatment Negotiate a treatment plan/a change plan Explore the barriers to change Encourage him/her to recruit the support of significant others With permission, offer information and advice
57
Action
Affirm the clients successful changes and support him/her in addressing barriers to change Continue to engage him/her in treatment Encourage small steps toward change Assist him/her in identifying and managing relapse triggers Reinforce positive changes Continue to identify social supports and offer information/advice, with permission
58
Maintenance
Support the client’s commitment to change Affirm his/her ability to change Acknowledge his/her positive change Assist him/her in practicing coping strategies Review his/her progress toward long-term goals
59
Relapse

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