VOCAB TEST 2

Question 1

A collection of machines, cytoskeletal components, and organelles that together produce, process, and transport proteins, and lipids destined for organelles, the cell membrane, or outside the cell

Answer 1

endomembrane system

Question 2

a series of amino acids at the start of a protein that allows that protein to enter the endomembrane system

Answer 2

signal sequence

Question 3

a protein that functions in cell movement through shape changes caused by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

Answer 3

motor proteins

Question 4

the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other molecule. In most cases, the prosphate group comes from ATP.

Answer 4

phosphorylation

Question 5

proteins move between the cytosol and the nucleus
through nuclear pore complexes

Answer 5

gated transport

Question 6

protein translocators directly transport specific
proteins across a membrane from the cytosol to a space that is topologically
distinct

Answer 6

transmembrane transport

Question 7

membrane enclosed transport vesicles ferry proteins
from one compartment to another that is topologically equivalent

Answer 7

vesicular transport

Question 8

What has these functions
protein folding
modifications

Answer 8

ER

Question 9

Destination of some
newly synthesized
proteins
● Materials brought in by
endocytosis
● Usually targeted to
lysosome
● Materials released by
exocytosis

Answer 9

Endosome

Question 10

Path of newly
synthesized digestive
enzymes
● Site of degradation

Answer 10

lysosome

Question 11

Further modifications
(glycosylation)
● Sorted into compartments

Answer 11

golgi

Question 12

Motor proteins (kinesin)
direct vesicle to destination
(ATP dependent)
● Soluble proteins released
● Integral proteins embedded
in plasma membrane

Answer 12

secretory vesicle

Question 13

secretion that does not require no special targeting sequence beyong the ER insertion sequence required for cotranslation translocation.

Answer 13

Constitutive secretion

Question 14

the amount of free energy required to move a sequence of amino acids from a nonpolar solvent to water

Answer 14

hydropathy

Question 15

If the hydropathy plot is positive the sequence is _______

Answer 15

hydrophobic

Question 16

If the hydropathy plot is negative the sequence is ______

Answer 16

hydrophilic

Question 17

The protein containing the mitochondrial targeting sequence, known
as a __________, is synthesized entirely in the cytoplasm.
- The presequence is always located at the N-terminus of the protein
and contains roughly 15–50 amino acids. This sequence is quite
specific to make the correct shape once it is translated.

Answer 17

presequence

Question 18

Protein targeting to the mitochondrial matrix requires _______

Answer 18

ENERGY

Question 19

Once the protein is inside the matrix of the mitochondria, the
_______ is removed by a proteolytic enzyme known as the
mitochondrial processing peptidase, or MPP.

Answer 19

presequence

Question 20

In the mitochondria, chaperones assist with keeping the protein ______

Answer 20

unfold

Question 21

The chloroplast __________ is cleaved by a stromal
processing peptidase (SPP), releasing the protein into the stroma of
the chloroplast

Answer 21

targeting sequence

Question 22

________: energy related to interactions among charged particles

Answer 22

electrical energy

Question 23

the energy of motion in ions and molecules, measured as temperature

Answer 23

thermal energy

Question 24

energy that is related to an object’s positions

Answer 24

potential energy

Question 25

conversion of substances into other substances via breaking and forming chemical bonds

Answer 25

chemical reaction

Question 26

the total energy available to do work-- a combination of entropy and thermal and potential energy

Answer 26

free energy

Question 27

a phosphorylation reaction that makes a nonspontaneous reaction spontaneous, (it raises free energy of the reactants)

Answer 27

energetic coupling

Question 28

1. They are each specific to one reaction 2. they each contain an active site where reactants bind and where the bond-breaking and bond-making required for the reaction actually occur 3.speed up reactions by bringing reactants together in an orientation that allows them to interact and then lowers the free energy present in the transition state 4. it is the same molecule before the reaction starts and after it ends 5. do not affect the amount of free energy in reactant or products

Answer 28

ENZYMES

Question 29

one that results in an increas in free energy; another way of referring to a nonspontaneous reaction

Answer 29

endergonic

Question 30

one that results in a decrease in free energy; spontaneous reaction

Answer 30

exergonic

Question 31

the amount of energy required to get a chemical reaction through its transition state

Answer 31

activation energy

Question 32

during a chemical reaction, an intermediate state where old bonds are being broken but new bonds have not yet formed

Answer 32

transition state

Question 33

a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction

Answer 33

enzyme

Question 34

the place on a enzyme (or ribozyme) where a reaction is catalyzed

Answer 34

active site

Question 35

energy is transferred in a biological ssytem to harness energy for work

Answer 35

bioenergetics

Question 36

enzymes changes shape slightly as substrate binds

Answer 36

INDUCED FIT

Question 37

a measure of velocity that is independent of enzyme concentration

Answer 37

Kcat

Question 38

The concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex ES remains constant over time. This means that the rate of formation of the ES complex is equal to the rate of its breakdown.

Answer 38

Steady-state assumption:

Question 39

The initial rate of the reaction is measured, meaning that the concentration of the substrate is much higher than the concentration of the product, and the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex is approximately constant.

Answer 39

Initial velocity assumption:

Question 40

The Michaelis-Menten model assumes that the enzyme-catalyzed reaction involves a single substrate interacting with the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

Answer 40

Single-substrate assumption

Question 41

The reverse reaction of the substrate dissociating from the enzyme-substrate complex to form the enzyme and substrate again is negligible under typical conditions.

Answer 41

Reversibility assumption

Question 42

[S]>>[E] such that [S] is effectively constant when measuring the instantaneous velecoity

Answer 42

Substrate concentration

Question 43

The Michaelis-Menten equation is as follows:

Answer 43

V= Vmax (concentration S) / ( Km + concentration S)

Question 44

the study of rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Answer 44

Enzyme kinetics

Question 45

the amount of product produced per unit time at the start of the reaction

Answer 45

initial velocity

Question 46

maximum rate of a reaction that is characteristic of a particular enzyme at a particular concentration

Answer 46

maximal velocity

Question 47

the Michaelis-Menten constant, defined as the amount of substrate necessary to allow an enzyme to function at half its maximal velocity.

Answer 47

Km

Question 48

a state in which all available enzyme molecules are already tied up processing substrates

Answer 48

saturation

Question 49

a phenomenon in which a substrate molecule is prevented from binding to the active site of an enzyme by a molecule that is very similar in structure to the substrate.

Answer 49

competitive inhibition

Question 50

a specific type of enzyme inhibition characterized by an inhibitor binding to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site, resulting in a decreased maximal velocity of the enzyme.

Answer 50

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 51

Chemical reactions involving the gain (reduction) or loss (oxidation) of an electron.

Answer 51

Redox reactions

Question 52

A multi-step process that uses energy captured from carbon oxidation to power ATP production via an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

Answer 52

cellular respiration

Question 53

A series of machines that uses an electric current to pump protons across a membrane, establishing a proton gradient that is then used to generate ATP.

Answer 53

Electron Transport chain

Question 54

The multi-protein machine that transforms the kinetic energy in a flow of protons to mechanical energy that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

Answer 54

ATP synthase

Question 55

A sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions that begins with glucose and ends with pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH per molecule of glucose.

Answer 55

glycolysis

Question 56

A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that begins with pyruvate as a substrate and produces acetyl-CoA and NADH.

Answer 56

Pyruvate processing

Question 57

A sequence of nine enzyme-catalyzed reactions that begins with acetyl-CoA, completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2, and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Answer 57

Citric acid cycle

Question 58

Molecules that function as electron carriers during cellular respiration, meaning that they transport electrons to or within the electron transport chain.

Answer 58

NADH, FADH2, Q

Question 59

A pathway that transfers electrons from NADH to a carbon-based molecule to regenerate NAD+ and keep glycolysis running to produce small amounts of ATP.

Answer 59

Fermentation

Question 60

Cellular respiration that uses O2 to accept electrons from the electron transport chain and produces water as a byproduct.

Answer 60

Aerobic respiration

Question 61

Cellular respiration that uses any ion or molecule other than O2 to accept electrons from the electron transport chain.

Answer 61

Anaerobic respiration

Question 62

involves the breakdown of complex molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler substances

Answer 62

catabolism

Question 63

involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler substances. - It requires energy input and is responsible for the production of molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates needed for cellular growth, repair, and maintenance.

Answer 63

anabolism

Question 64

molecules that increase the activity of an enzyme

Answer 64

activators

Question 65

molecules that decrease the activity of enzyme

Answer 65

inhibitors

Question 66

any form of regulation where the regulatory molecules binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site

Answer 66

allosteric regulation

Question 67

the place where the regulator binds in allosteric regulation

Answer 67

allosteric site

Question 68

the substrate itself can serve as an allosteric activator: when it binds to one active site, the activity of the other active site goes up

Answer 68

cooperavity

Question 69

helper molecules that bind to enzymes

Answer 69

cofactors

Question 70

a subset of cofactors that organic molecules

Answer 70

coenzymes

Question 71

the end product of a metabolic pathway acts on the key enzyme regulating entry to that pathway, keeping more of the end product from being produced.

Answer 71

feedback inhibition

Question 72

The movement of a metabolite through a pathway over time

Answer 72

metabolic flux

Question 73

________ reactions are insensitive to changes in concentration and regulated by different mechanisms

Answer 73

irreversible

Question 74

A process that transforms light energy into chemical energy — meaning the potential energy found in electrons that participate in covalent bonds, usually in sugars or other carbohydrates.

Answer 74

photosynthesis

Question 75

A molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light.

Answer 75

Pigment

Question 76

The primary photosynthetic pigment in land plants and most algae.

Answer 76

chlorophyll

Question 77

A complex of molecular machines that acquire electrons by oxidizing water, use the energy in sunlight to excite those electrons to a high-energy state, and pass them on to an electron carrier that feeds the electron transport chain, leading to ATP production by ATP synthase.

Answer 77

PSII

Question 78

A complex of molecular machines that receive low-energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, use the energy in sunlight to excite those electrons to a high-energy state, and pass them on to electron carriers that either feed the electron transport chain or an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.

Answer 78

PSI

Question 79

A series of reactions that results in carbon from CO2 being “fixed,” or reduced, and used to synthesize sugars.

Answer 79

calvin cycle

Question 80

the openings in the epidermis that are not covered in wax where CO2 and O2 can diffuse out.

Answer 80

stomata

Question 81

The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of CO2 and its incorporation into sugars.

Answer 81

Rubisco

Question 82

the process by which ATP is synthesized using the movement of protons acoss a membrane, driven by a proton gradient

Answer 82

Chemiosmosis

Question 83

What is the signal recognition particle?

Answer 83

a complex present in the cytosol or associated with the cytosolic side of the ER membrane