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Anatomy > vocab unit 2 > Flashcards

vocab unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Active Transport

A

moves molecules from lower to higher concentration with the use of energy.

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2
Q

Passive Transport

A

moves molecules from higher to lower concentration, no energy is required.

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3
Q

flagellum

A

found on some bacteria and allows them to swim

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4
Q

cilium

A

found on some epithelial cells (lungs). They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.

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5
Q

microvilli

A

found in the small intestine, to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

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6
Q

Microtubules

A

in the interior of the cell and maintain cell shape by resisting compression.

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7
Q

microfilaments

A

thicken the inner edge of a cell to resist tension (stretching).

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

part of the nucleus. occur in pairs. each gene on the chromosome has two alleles (such as T and t on a punnett square), one on each chromosome of the pair.

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9
Q

Integral Proteins

A

inserted into the lipid bilayer

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10
Q

Interphase

A

the long life stage of the cell when it is not dividing (mitosis).

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10
Q

peripheral proteins

A

bound to the outside of the membrane indirectly by protein-protein interactions.

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10
Q

telophase

A

the last step of mitosis, when the chromosomes reach the poles. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

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10
Q

anaphase

A

the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

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11
Q

metaphase

A

the microtubules of the spindle have attached and the chromosomes have lined up.

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11
Q

Helicase

A

enzymes that unwind DNA whenever a single-stranded DNA is required (DNA replication, DNA repair/recombination, and transcription of RNA)

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11
Q

DNA

A

make up genes

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11
Q

mitochondria

A

the organelles responsible for energy conversion and ATP production in eukaryotic cells.

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11
Q

ribosomes

A

small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis.

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11
Q

Autosomes

A

any chromosomes not considered a sex chromosome.

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12
Q

somatic cells

A

(non sex cells) and singly in sex cells (gametes).

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13
Q

genotype

A

their unique sequence of DNA (the two alleles a person has inherited for a particular gene).

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14
Q

phenotype

A

the detectable expression of this genotype – a patient’s clinical presentation.

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15
Q

mitotic spindle

A

a structure composed of microtubules.

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16
Q

microtubules

A

a rope-like component of the cytoskeleton occurring during mitosis.

17
Q

germ cell

A

refers the the sex cells (eggs and sperm). They contain 23 individual chromosomes.

18
Q

stem cells

A

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body through mitosis and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

19
Q

cell cycle

A

refers to the entire life cycle of a cell.

20
Q

mitosis

A

refers to the part of a cell’s life where cell division occurs.

21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a factory in which proteins received from the ER are processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.

22
Q

Haploid Cells

A

those that have only a single set of chromosomes

23
Q

Diploid Cells

A

have two sets of chromosomes

24
Q

mRNA

A

makes a template (instructions) of the code for the protein from DNA.

25
Q

tRNA

A

is a carrier molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

26
Q

Nucleus

A

an organelle in the cell, bound by a nuclear envelope

27
Q

nucleolus

A

a sub-organelle present inside the nucleus that contains RNA and is not bounded by a membrane.

28
Q

cytoplasm

A

where the the nucleus, ER, and mitochondria are located

29
Q

organelles

A

nucleus, ER, and mitochondria

30
Q

lysosome

A

contain enzymes (lysozyme) that degrade molecules for phagocytosis.

31
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes (catalase) that convert H2O2 to water and oxygen, neutralizing toxicity.

32
Q

cytokinesis

A

the last step of mitosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides.

33
Q

cell division

A

occurs when a whole cell divides

34
Q

translation

A

converts mRNA into proteins

35
Q

transcription

A

involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

36
Q

osmolality

A

concentration of dissolved solids

37
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water in or out of cells

38
Q

membrane channels

A

complexes of membrane proteins that mediate passive transport of solutes by forming an aqueous diffusion pore.

39
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the movement of large particles or whole cells

40
Q

pinocytosis

A

involves the transport of solutes or fluids in and out of a cell

41
Q

rough ER

A

studded with millions of ribosomes, is involved with the production and folding of some proteins.

42
Q

smooth ER

A

associated with lipid and steroid hormone production

43
Q

isotonic

A

has the same or very similar concentration of solute as another solution, meaning the water will stay the same.

44
Q

hypotonic

A

has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.

45
Q

hypertonic

A

has a higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.

46
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients through active transport. It moves two K+ ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps three Na+ ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.

47
Q

Semi-permeable

A

a membrane that allows some particle to pass through (by size)

48
Q

selectively permeable

A

“chooses” what passes through (size is not a factor)

49
Q

stem cell

A

can produce additional stem cells

50
Q

progenitor cells

A

already partially differentiated and display a limited capability of differentiation

Anatomy (6 decks)

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