VOCAB WORDS Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Accommodation
A
An alteration of environment, curriculum format, or equipment that allows an individual with a disability to gain access to content and/or complete assigned tasks. They allow students with disabilities to pursue a regular course of study
2
Q
Adequate yearly progress (AYP)
A
The amount of annual achievement growth to be expected by students in a particular school, district, or state in the U.S. federal accountability system, No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
3
Q
Alternative Assessment
A
A way to measure progress for individuals in which standardized testing would be inappropriate. This is usually done with a portfolio of work to show improvements over time.
4
Q
Time Delay
A
An educational technique where the teacher provides a student with an instruction and waits for a period of time for the student to respond after the stimuli has been presented.
5
Q
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
A
Special education and related services that (a) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction and without charge; (b) meet the standards of the state educational agency; (c) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the state involved; and (d) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program.
6
Q
Assistive Technology
A
Any assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices that allow students with disabilities and the elderly to live a healthy, productive, and independent life.
7
Q
SAFMEDS
A
Stands for Say All Fast a Minute Each Day Shuffled. A deck of cards with a question, vocabulary term, or problem printed on one side of each card and the answer on the other side. A student answers as many items in the deck as she can during 1-minute practice trials by looking at the question or problem, stating an answer, flipping the card over to reveal the correct answer, and putting each card on a “correct” or “incorrect” pile.
8
Q
due process hearing
A
a set of legal steps and proceedings carried out to established rules and principles; designed to protect an individual’s constitutional and legal rights
9
Q
At Risk
A
Refers to children who are considered to have a greater than usual chance of developing a disability.
10
Q
Handicap
A
A disadvantage a person with a disability encounters when interacting with the environment
11
Q
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
A
A teaching approach that works to accommodate the needs and ability of all learners and eliminated unnecessary hurdles in the learning process.
12
Q
Incidence
A
How frequently students’ disability may be encountered in the classroom.
13
Q
impairment
A
Loss and/or reduced function of a body part, limb, or organ.
14
Q
Functional Curriculum
A
A functional curriculum is one that addresses skills students will need in everyday life. Functional skills are the variety of skills that are frequently demanded in natural domestic, vocational, and community environments.
15
Q
exceptional children
A
Differ from the norm (either below or above) to such an extent that they require an individualized program of special education.
16
Q
Manifestation Determination
A
Evaluates the relationship between a student’s disability and their misconduct. It is conducted by the IEP team and other personnel and is required when a disabled student faces expulsion or suspension.
17
Q
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
A
A program that specifies the child’s present levels of performance, identifies measurable annual goals, and describes the specific special education and related services that will be provided to help that child attain those goals and benefit from education.
18
Q
Repeated reading
A
A technique for increasing reading fluency in which a student orally reads the same a passage, usually three to five times, during each session. With each reading, the student tries to increase the number of words read correctly.
19
Q
Time Trials
A
A strategy used to increase fluency where a student must complete a specific task with a limited amount of time. Limiting the time allows for students to practice accuracy and time management
20
Q
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
A
The educational setting that most closely resembles a regular school program and also meets the child’s special educational needs. For many students with disabilities, the general education classroom is the LRE; however, the LRE is a relative concept and must be determined for each individual student with disabilities.
21
Q
Cultural Interpreter
A
A cultural mediator/interpreter/translator plays a critical role in facilitating successful communication with students and families who speak a language other than English. They function as an oral link between the culture of the school and the culture of the child’s family.
22
Q
Emotional Disturbance
A
An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression
23
Q
Phoneme
A
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.
24
Q
Tympanic Membrane
A
The tympanic membrane is also called the eardrum. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate. The vibrations are then transferred to the tiny bones in the middle ear
25
Myelomeningocele (spina bifida)
a defect of the backbone (spine) and spinal cord. Before birth, the baby's spine, the spinal cord and the spinal canal do not form or close normally. A myelomeningocele is the most serious form of spina bifida.
26
Customized Employment
a process for achieving competitive integrated employment or self-employment through a relationship between employee and employer that is personalized to meet the needs of both.
27
disproportionate representation
exists when a particular group receives special education at a rate significantly higher or lower than would be expected based on the proportion of the general student population that group represents
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Disability
A physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities.
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Functional Curriculum
a curriculum that emphasizes practical life skills rather than academic skills
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Continuum of Alternative Placements
A range of placement and service options- to meet the individual needs of all students with disabilities.
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Multifactored Evaluation (MFE)
The process required by IDEA to determine if a child is eligible for special education services. The process can be requested by either the school and/or parent/guardian.
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IEP Team
The group of people who create the individualized education program for a student with a disability.
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prereferral intervention
individualized intervention for a student experiencing academic or behavioral difficulties before formal testing
34
Respite Care
a type of care provided for caregivers of homebound ill, disabled, or elderly patients.
35
Funds of Knowledge
Families' strengths, resources, and insights on which teachers should capitalize in order to be most effective.
36
externalizing behaviors
Antisocial, disruptive behaviors (e.g., aggression, noncompliance, property destruction) characteristic of many children with emotional or behavioral disorders.
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phonology
Refers to the linguistic rules governing a language's sound system.
38
binocular vision
Vision using both eyes working together to perceive a single image
39
occupational therapists (OTs)
focus on children's participation in activities, especially those related to self-help, employment, recreation, communication, and aspects of daily living
40
sheltered employment
refers to work by people with disabilities at an accredited occupationally oriented facility, including a work activities center, operated by a private nonprofit agency, which, except for its administrative and support staff, employs people with disabilities certified under special provisions of federal minimum wage laws by the Wage and Hour Division, U.S. Department of Labor
41
Response to Intervention (RTI)
A systematic prereferral & early intervention process that consists of universal screening & several tiers of increasing intensive trials of research-based interventions before referral for assessment for special education eligibility.
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intellectual Disability
A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills; the disability originates before age 18.
43
Self-Evaluation
A procedure in which a person compares their performance of a target behavior with a standard or predetermined goal. Sometimes referred to as self-assessment.
44
Audiogram
A graph of the faintest level of sound a person can hear in each ear at least 50% of the time at each of several frequencies, including the entire frequency range of normal speech.
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Nystagmus
A rapid, involuntary, rhythmic movement of the eyes that may cause difficulty in reading or fixating on an object.
46
Technology-Dependent Student
A student who needs a medical device and substantial ongoing nursing care to compensate for the loss of a vital body function and to avoid further disability or death
47
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
a genetic disorder due to the inefficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. it is seen when both parents pass down the defective PAH gene. some complications from it, if not diagnosed or treated at a young age are pregnancy issues, intellectual disability, neurological problems, and irreversible brain damage.
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Cultural reciprocity
Understanding how differing values and belief systems may influence families' perspectives, wishes, and decisions.
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positive reinforcement
Reinforcing or rewarding desired behavior in an effort to increase the likelihood that the desirable behavior is repeated in the future. Praise and rewards are examples of positive reinforcement.
50
Rubella
German measles; when contracted by a woman during the first trimester of pregnancy, may cause visual impairments, hearing impairments, intellectual disabilities, or other congenital impairments in the child
51
Fragile X Syndrome
A commonly known genetic disorder; caused by mutation on X chromosome. Affects 1 in 4,000 males and characterized by social anxiety and avoidance.
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Genetic Counseling
a discussion between a specially trained medical counselor and people who are considering having a baby about the chances of having a baby with a disability based on the prospective parents' genetic backgrounds
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positive reinforcement
the process of rewarding or reinforcing desirable behavior in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future
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practice stage of learning
feedback should emphasize the correct rate at which the student performed the target skill
55
Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
When a small amount of tissue chorionic tissue is removed and tested. Can be performed during the 8th to 10th week of pregnancy.
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parinatal
occurring during or pertaining to the phase surrounding the time of birth
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Amniocentesis
A prenatal test given that takes amniotic fluid from around the baby in the womb. Tested to see if baby has certain health conditions.
58
Active Student Response (ASR)
A frequency-based measure of a student's active participation during instruction; measured by counting the number of observable responses made to an ongoing lesson or to curriculum materials.
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task analysis
The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process.
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Adaptive Behavior
the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives.
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Pica
Eating nonnutritive substances such as string, hair, dirt
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Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
63
Phonemic Awareness
Ability to hear and manipulate sounds of a spoken language, and it is a critical prerequisite for learning to read. A child with phonemic awareness can orally blend words, isolate beginning, middle, and ending sounds in words, segment words into component sounds, and manipulate sounds within words.
64
Standard Deviation
A mathematical concept, used to describe how a particular score varies from the mean, or average, of all the scores in the norming sample.
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Norm-Referenced Test
A test that uses the scores of people in the norming sample to represent the general distribution of scores throughout that population.
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Learning Strategy
A systematic approach to a learning task or problem solving; specifically, what a person does when planning, executing, and evaluating his or her performance on a task.
67
concrete-representational-abstract sequence
A way of teaching math that involves utilizing concrete objects, pictorial representations, and abstract symbols and numbers.
68
criterion referenced tests
a test constructed so that a child's score can be compared with a predetermined criterion, or mastery level; contrast with norm-referenced test
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specific learning disability
a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations
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guided notes
teacher prepared handouts that provide background information and standard cues with specific spaces where students can write key facts, concepts, or relationships during a lecture
71
precision teaching
a teaching method where challenging behaviors are defined, measured, graphed on a Standard Celeration Chart (SCC), and assessed for needed improvements to support a student's learning
72
Dyslexia
A specific language-based disorder of constitutional origin characterized by difficulties in single-word decoding, usually reflecting insufficient phonological processing. These difficulties, which are not the result of generalized developmental disability or sensory impairment, are often unexpected in relation to age and other cognitive and academic abilities and severely impair the individual's ability to read.
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formative assessment
A type of assessment that evaluates student learning over time as instruction takes place
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topography of behavior
the physical shape or form of a response
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multiple gating screening
a multistep process for screening children who may have disabilities
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acquisition stage of learning
a stage where students are only beginning to use the skills and require modeling, direct instruction, feedback.
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Cirriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)
A formative assessment method that entails measuring the growth of students' proficiency in the core skills that relate to success in school.
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Comorbidity
Two or more conditions occurring in the same person
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phonological awareness
The awareness that words are made up of sounds (phonemes) and that phonemes need to be pieced together and decoded in order for words to have meaning
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Response to Intervention (RTI)
A systematic prereferral and early intervention process that consists of universal screening and several tiers of increasingly intensive trials of research-based interventions before referral for assessment for special education eligibility.
81
Response cards
Cards, signs, or other items that are simultaneously held up by all students to display their response to a question or problem presented by the teacher; enable every student in the class to respond to each question or item
82
Latency (of behavior)
The delayed physical response by a person to a given stimulus, how long it takes to respond.
83
Emotional or behavioral disorder
A disability that is characterized by emotional or behavioral responses in school programs so different from appropriate age, cultural, or ethnic norms that the responses adversely affect educational performance, including academic, social, vocational or personal skills.
84
Internalizing Behaviors
Behaviors directed toward oneself. Ex. Eating disorders or social withdrawal.
85
Magnitude (of behavior)
The force, intensity, and/or severity of a behavior
86
Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)
written improvement plan for a student based on the outcomeof the functional behavior assessment. The FBA identifies what is maintaing or causing behavior outburts and the BIP specifies the actions to take to improve or replace the behavior.
87
Group Contingencies
specify rewards and privileges that will be enjoyed by the group if the behavior of group members meet certain criteria.
88
Choral Response
A teaching strategy to respond in unison or to plainly answer a questing promptly.
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Functional Behavior Assessment
A systematic method of gathering information about the purposes a problem behavior serves for an individual.
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semantics
refers to the meaning in language.
91
Cataract
Clouding of the crystalline lens of the eye that results in a reduction or loss of vision.
92
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower part of the body including both legs usually results from injury to or disease of the spinal cord.
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Supported Employment
providing ongoing, individualized supports to people with disabilities to help them find, learn, and maintain paid employment at regular work sites in the community
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Summative Assessment
Any type of evaluation of student performance or learning that occurs after instruction has been completed (e.g., a test given at the end of a grading period or school year).
95
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A neurological and developmental disorder that appears in childhood and affects social skills, communication, and behavior.
96
prenatal
before birth, during or relating to pregnancy
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Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
one-on-one sessions during which a routinized sequence of contrived learning trials is presented as teacher and child sit at a table.
98
echolalia
meaningless repetition of another person's spoken words as a symptom of psychiatric disorder.
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executive functioning
the ability to regulate one's own behavior, such as planning and goal setting, cognitive and behavioral flexibility, inhibition, working memory, and selective attention
100
Social Stories
Intervention for teaching social skills that use constructed stories with one sentence per page accompanied by photographs or simple drawings. Typically used with children with ASD to learn relevant social cues, the expected behaviors, and to help understand the event from the perspective of others.
101
facilitated communication
A type of augmentative communication in which a "facilitator" provides assistance to someone in typing or pointing to vocab symbols: typically involves an alphanumeric keyboard on which the user types out a message one letter at a time. Also called supported typing.
102
Voice Disorder
Problems with the quality or use of one's voice.
103
Communication Disorder
An impairment in ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend messages whether verbal, nonverbal or graphic. It can involve a person's hearing, language, speech, or a combination of the three.
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Asperger's Syndrome
A developmental disorder characterized by normal cognitive and language development with impairments in all social areas, repetitive and stereotypic behaviors, preoccupation with atypical activities or items, pedantic speech patterns, and motor clumsiness; included in autism spectrum disorders.
105
expressive language disorder
Limited vocabulary for their age, say sounds or words in the wrong order, and use tenses and plurals incorrectly.
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Stuttering
A speech disorder that disrupts the smooth flow of speech. Occurs when muscles twitch or move uncontrollably during speech.
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Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
A diverse set of nonspeech communication strategies and methods to assist individuals who cannot meet their communication needs through speech; includes sign language, symbol systems, communication boards, and synthetic speech devices.
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Communication
An interactive process requiring at least two parties in which messages are encoded, transmitted, and decoded by any means, including sounds, symbols, and gestures.
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Speech Impairment.
Disorders of speech sounds, fluency or voice that interfere with communication.
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Language Disorder
Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems.
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behavior trap
An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes.
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cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
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cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
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visual efficiency
how well an individual uses remaining visual acuity at a distance or close up
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profound disabilities
an individual with profound disabilities functions at a level no higher than that of a typically developing 2-year-old child in cognition, communication, social skills, mobility, and activities of daily living and requires continuous monitoring.
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partial participation
a teaching approach that acknowledges that even though an individual with severe disabilities may not be able to independently perform all the steps of a given task or activity, she can often be taught to do selected components or an adapted version of the task
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phonological disorder
A child has the ability to produce a given sound and does so correctly in some instances but not others.
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Speech
I) The oral production of language.
II) Using breath and muscles to create the specific sounds of spoken language.
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fluency disorder
Unusual disruptions in the rhythm and rate of speech. These disruptions are often characterized by repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables plus excessive tension.
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morpheme
a unit of language that cannot be divided.
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Otitis media
A temporary, recurrent infection of the middle ear and the most common medical diagnosis for children.
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dysarthria
When you are having a difficulty speaking because the muscles you use for speech are weak
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Dialect
Different patterns of speech influenced by regional, cultural, social, and other environmental factors
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Graphemes
The smallest level of written language that corresponds to one phoneme; for example, the grapheme t represents the phoneme /t/.
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Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-BI) Approach
This educational approach thinks of ASL as its own language. It recognizes that ASL and the majority language are two different things. It allows ASL to be taught as a primary language and the majority language to be taught as the second language.
126
Ossicles
Three small bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that transmit sound energy from the middle ear to the inner ear.
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postlingual hearing loss
Hearing loss that occurs after a child develops speech and language skills
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applied behavior analysis (ABA)
therapy based on the science of learning and behavior. ABA therapy programs can help with communication, learning, attention, memory, and even decrease problem behaviors.
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auricle
visible part of the ear that is outside the head
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strabismus
vision disorder when the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object (crossed eyes
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deaf-blindness
condition of little or no useful hearing and little or no useful sight.
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congenital
any condition that is present at birth
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American Sign Language (ASL)
acquired
134
acquired
A disability/condition that develops at any time after birth, from disease, trauma, or any other cause.
135
sheltered workshop
a supervised workplace for people who are not yet ready for competitive jobs
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Orthopedic Impairment
A severe physical impairment that often affects mobility. This may be congenital, caused by disease, or other causes such as cerebral palsy, amputations, or accidents.
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Braille
is a tactile system of reading and writing in which letters, words, numbers, and other systems are made from arrangements of raised dots
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Pragmatics
governs the social use of language. There are three kinds of pragmatic skills; using language for different purposes, changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, following rules for conversations and storytelling
139
Frequency (or rate) (of behavior
how often a particular behavior occurs, usually expressed as a count per standard unit of time
140
Acceleration
Educational approach that provides a child with learning experiences usually given to older children; most often used with gifted and talented children.
141
Problem-based learning
An instructional strategy in which students work in groups to seek solutions to real-world problems.
142
Differentiation
A broad term referring to tailoring teaching environments, curricula, and instructional practices to create appropriately different learning experiences for students with different needs, interests, readiness, and learning profiles (Tomlinson, 2011, 2014).
143
Multiple Disabilities
Two or more disabilities in the same person; defined as a disability category in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act as "concomitant impairments, the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for one of the impairments."
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anoxia
loss of oxygen to the brain
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Hypotonia
Muscle tone that is too low; weak, floppy muscles.
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Project Based Learning
Students work together in groups to investigate a question and they produced a product or presentation to answer that question. The teacher then gives the students feedback and the students also work on self evaluation.
147
Time Delay
a teaching technique for transferring control of a student's response from a teacher-provided prompt to the target stimulus; in a progressive time delay procedure in which the target stimulus and prompt are presented concurrently in initial trials and a gradually increasing amount of time is then inserted between the presenter of the target stimulus and the prompt, which may result in few or no errors by the learner.
148
developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)
A philosophy and guidelines for practice based on the belief that the learning environments, teaching practices, and other components of programs that serve young children should be based on educators' typical expectations and children's experiences for children of different ages and developmental stages.
149
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
The virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
150
prelingual hearing loss
Describes a hearing impairment acquired before the development of speech and language.
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