vocabularies 2022

Question 1

the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same thing

Answer 1

collaboration
The new airport is a collaboration between two of the best architects in the country

Question 2

a small herbivorous rodent covered in fur with a long tail. they climb trees and feed on nuts and seeds.

Answer 2

squirrel

/ˈskwɝː.əl/

A group of squirrels is called a “dray” or a “scurry”.

Question 3

very confident, usually in a way that is slightly annoying

Answer 3

Cocky
When I got my first job I was just a cocky teenager.

Question 4

of a man’s face or features) strong and sharp, in an attractive way

Answer 4

chiseled
She brought with her a young man with finely chiseled features.

Question 5

to share the same feelings as someone else, or to behave in the same way as someone else

Answer 5

reciprocate /rɪˈsɪp.rə.keɪt/
We invited them to dinner and a week later they reciprocated./ We gave them information, but they didn’t reciprocate.

Question 6

(idiomatic) A topic that is not clearly one thing or the other, that is open to interpretation.

Answer 6

grey area

It exists in a grey area between legal and illegal.

Of course there’s a grey area.

(Canadians prefer the spelling grey, although gray is also correct.)

Question 7

a very tall modern city building

Answer 7

skyscraper

Burj Khalifa is not just one of the most astounding skyscrapers on the planet, it’s also the tallest building in the world at the moment.

sky + scraper آسمان خراش

The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater than 40 or 50 stories.

Question 8

a tool used to remove something from a surface by rubbing

Answer 8

scraper

a paint scraper

خراشنده، زداینده

skyscaper آسمان خراش

Question 9

to stop or take hold of; interrupt the movement or progress of.

Answer 9

intercept

Luckily, they intercepted the package before it was delivered to the wrong people.

Question 10

to be attacked, injured, or killed by (someone or something)

Answer 10

fall victim to

Many of our ancestor fell victom to ferocious beasts.

Police think she may have fallen victim to a serial killer.

Question 11

belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about two million years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago, when much of the Earth was covered with ice

Answer 11

Pleistocene

often referred to as the Ice Age

mid 19th century: from Greek pleistos ‘most’ + kainos ‘new’.

Question 12

a large carnivorous North American dinosaur of the Cretaceous period that had small forelimbs and walked on its hind legs;

Answer 12

Tyrannosaurus rex (T_Rex)

Surely one of the most remarkable animals that had ever existed, and certainly one of the most famous is a dinosaur: Tyrannosaurus rex.

Greek tyrannos ( → TYRANT) + sauros “lizard”+Latin: rex“king”

Question 13

a feeling or quality that causes excitement. /

a very small piece of fire

Answer 13

spark

T. rex: An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.

جرقه، اخگر، بارقه، جرقه زدن

Question 14

next to, or together with

preposition, adverb

Answer 14

alongside

Bikes shared the road alongside cars and mopeds.

جنب، کنار، به کنار، به موازات

Question 15

unusually large, or ugly and frightening;

like a monster

Answer 15

monstrous

66 million years ago the skies were filled with flying giants. In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths. And on land, dinosaurs of every kind, all facing the struggle to survive.

SYN hideous

Question 16

a group of young birds all born at the same time, or a person’s children:

Answer 16

brood

Turtles are normally on a Mosasaur’s menu But this T-Rex brood would make a welcome snack.

Question 17

to undergo decomposition from the action of bacteria or fungi

Answer 17

rot / rotting

The giant Turtle is dead, and the Tyrannosaur has smelled its rotting body.

There, he saw ‘several thousands of rotting fish’.

پوسیده

Question 18

to try to deal with something or someone

Answer 18

tackle

Hatchling turtles are the perfect size for a hatchling to tackle.

There are many ways of tackling this problem.

I tackled him about his careless work.

Question 19

(of a person or a person’s behavior) eager to know a lot about people or things:

Answer 19

inquisitive

an inquisitive mind

Our neighbors are too inquisitive.

Question 20

a large number of fish swimming as a group

Answer 20

shoal

It’s especially rich here in the North Atlantic, where huge shoals of fish
come close to the shore.

NOTE In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling.

Question 21

the hard, pointed part of a bird’s mouth

Answer 21

beak

Birds use their beaks to pick up food.

SEE PICTURE ; The dagger beak of Phosphatodraco

(dagger: a short pointed knife used as a weapon)

Question 22

to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something

Answer 22

plunge

We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea.

no one seems quite ready to take the plunge.

شیرجه، غوطه، سقوط

Question 23

done to avoid something bad happening

Answer 23

evasive

NOTE: : evasive action/ manouver

By the time the pilot realized how close the plane was to the building, it was too late to take evasive action.

Drivers had to make sudden evasive manoeuvres.

: گریزان: طفره

Question 24

a young cow, or the young of various other large mammals such as elephants and whales

Answer 24

calf

This huge marine whale is accompanied by her calf, about six months old.

NOTE: If a cow is in calf, it is pregnant.

Question 25

to **stop** something

Answer 25

**cease** ## Footnote “Intellectual growth should **commence** **at** birth and **cease** only **at** death.” quote by Einestin **(**cease is **very formal**) **cease** ≠ **commence**

Question 26

the period in which two people have a romantic relationship that often leads to marriage

Answer 26

**courtship** ## Footnote They were married in 1923 after **a long courtship.** اظهار عشق، معاشقه, دوران نامزدی یا خواستگاری

Question 27

a small smooth round stone, especially one found on a beach or in a river

Answer 27

**pebble** ## Footnote This part of the coast has **pebble beaches**.

Question 28

not conscious of or careful about possible risks and dangers

Answer 28

**unwary** If you are **unwary**, he will cheat you. He sold fake insurance policies to **unwary customers**.

Question 29

quick and exact in movement or thought; agile

Answer 29

**nimble** ## Footnote A rival. A younger male, challenging for this territory. The old male is heavier, over 15 tons. But his rival is more **nimble.**

Question 30

to **push** **roughly** or be **pushed** in a crowd

Answer 30

**jostle** ## Footnote The males **jostle** for a place around the larger females. We were **jostled by** the crowd.

Question 31

taking a lot of time and effort

Answer 31

**laboriously** ## Footnote She's moving **laboriously**. This is a highly detailed, **laboriously** researched study.

Question 32

the period between around **144 and 65 million years ago**, in which plants with flowers first appeared:

Answer 32

**the** **_Cretaceous_** the **Cretaceous** period Fossil remains from the **Cretaceous** are almost always found in *_sedimentary deposits. سنگ رسوبی_* **Origin** cretaceous (1600-1700) Latin cretaceus, from **_creta_** “***chalk***

Question 33

Noticing how **words commonly go together**

Answer 33

**collocations** /ˌkɑː.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/ ## Footnote In the phrase "a hard frost", "hard" is a **collocation** of "frost" and "strong" would not sound natural. همایند,

Question 34

the state of being extremely tired

Answer 34

**exhaustion** /ɪɡˈzɑː.tʃən/ ## Footnote She felt ill **with/from exhaustion**.

Question 35

ill or **very tired** from **working too hard**

Answer 35

**burnt out** ## Footnote Many doctors feel so tired and burnt out by the age of 55 or 60 that they retire early. **exhausted = very tired = burnt out**

Question 36

to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone

Answer 36

**deprive** sb of sth /dɪˈpraɪv/ ## Footnote He claimed that he had been **deprived of** his freedom/rights. You can't function properly when you're **deprived of sleep**.

Question 37

used to say that it is now **your turn** or **responsibility**.

Answer 37

**over to you** ## Footnote "**it's over to you**, the people of Scotland, to decide who should win"

Question 38

to risk **going somewhere** or **doing** something that might be **dangerous** or **unpleasant**

Answer 38

**venture** ## Footnote The west of South America and one of the most desolate places on this prehistoric planet. Few animals **venture** here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth.

Question 39

An empty and **not attractive place**, with no people or nothing pleasant in it/ extremely **sad** and feeling alone

Answer 39

**desolate** ## Footnote The west of South America and one of the most **desolate** **places** on this prehistoric planet. Few animals venture here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth. She **felt desolate** when her best friend moved away.

Question 40

to **examine** sb or sth **very carefully**

Answer 40

**scrutinize** ## Footnote Crowds of females **scrutinize** the newly arriving males, assessing their strength and suitability. All new products are **scrutinized** by the laboratory.

Question 41

**showing no interest or energy** and unwilling to take action, especially over something important

Answer 41

**apathetic** /ˌæp.əˈθet̬.ɪk/ ## Footnote Don't be so **apathetic** - how are you going to get a job if you don't even start looking? **Apathetic agnosticism:** An **apathetic agnostic** would say, "I don't know whether any deity exists or not, and I don't care if any deity exists or not." بی تفاوت، بی احساس، بی روح

Question 42

to make something **increase in size** by **filling it with air,** or to increase in size when filled with air /// to **increase** in **price**

Answer 42

**inflate** /ɪnˈfleɪt/ ## Footnote to **inflate balloons/** Food prices are no longer **inflating** at the same rate as last year.

Question 43

to prevent or discourage someone from doing something

Answer 43

**deter** High prices are **deterring** many young people **from** buy**ing** houses. \*\*\*He weighs nearly 50 tons. And his display has, so far intimidated all challengers. But this new arrival is not **deterred**.

Question 44

(of people and animals) nervous or **easily frightened**

Answer 44

**skittish** ## Footnote **Squirrels** have many natural predators, which makes them **skittish**.

Question 45

a particular degree or amount of something

Answer 45

**quotient** ## Footnote Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as **emotional quotient** or **EQ**) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict. \*\*\*Being rich doesn't actually increase your **happiness quotient**. Latin quotiens “how many times”, from quot “how many”

Question 46

a group of people who spread from one original country to other countries, or the act of spreading in this way

Answer 46

**diaspora** ## Footnote We now have a Western **diaspora** and that **diaspora** is bringing Iranians and Indians together. **"Iranian diaspora"** **the Diaspora** : the Jews living in different parts of the world outside Israel Greek " from dia "about, across" + speirein "to scatter" پراکندگی، جماعت یهودیان پراکنده

Question 47

to become greater, more serious, or more extreme, or to make something do this

Answer 47

**intensify** ## Footnote Fighting around the capital has **intensified** in the last few hours.

Question 48

not wanting to do something and therefore slow to do it

Answer 48

**reluctant** ## Footnote I was **reluctant** to leave because I was having such a good time.

Question 49

the scientific study of organisms that lived on earth before there were written records, esp. by examining fossils

Answer 49

**paleontology** ## Footnote US spelling of ***Palaeontology***

Question 50

not completely safe or not completely honest

Answer 50

**sketchy** ## Footnote a **sketchy** guy They lived in a "**sketchy** **_neighborhood_**."

Question 51

**protection** or a **safe place**, especially for someone or something being chased or hunted

Answer 51

**sanctuary** ## Footnote a wildlife/bird **sanctuary**

Question 52

able to move your body quickly and easily

Answer 52

**agile** ## Footnote **Velociraptor's** body was kept warm by feathers, but they can't fly. They are however exceptionally **agile.**

Question 53

very heavy **rain**

Answer 53

**torrential** /tɔːˈren.ʃəl/ ## Footnote **torrential** rain/downpour/storm **Note: "Torrent: "**a **strong** and fast-moving **stream of water** or other liquid."

Question 54

A .... area has a lot of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees:

Answer 54

**lush** ## Footnote A **lush** forest/valleys

Question 55

frightening and violent

Answer 55

**ferocious** /fəˈroʊ.ʃəs/ ## Footnote a **ferocious** dog/battle/hunter She's got a **ferocious (= very bad)** temper. **[NOTE](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/thesaurus/articles/violent)"**These words describe people and things that use force to hurt others, or things that show people being hurt by force." : violent, aggressive, Ferocious, fierce, savage, Brutal, vicious, Bloody, gory"

Question 56

an animal that eats only plants

Answer 56

**herbivore** ## Footnote Despite **Triceratops's** fierce appearance, this famous ceratopsian, or horned dinosaur, was an **herbivore**. Cows and sheep are **herbivores**. **"ADJ: herbivorous, OPP: carnivore"**

Question 57

to touch, rub, or press someone gently and affectionately, esp. with the head or nose

Answer 57

**nuzzle** ## Footnote My dog came and **nuzzled** my foot to try and cheer me up.

Question 58

very eager for something, especially a lot of food

Answer 58

**voracious** ## Footnote He has a **voracious** appetite (= he eats a lot). He's a **voracious reader** of historical novels (= he reads a lot of them eagerly and quickly). **ADV voraciously:** the male feeds **voraciously**

Question 59

solid waste from animals, especially cattle and horses

Answer 59

**dung** **Note: "solid excrement from animals, esp. cattle and horses; manure"**

Question 60

force to go away from a particular place

Answer 60

**drive off** ## Footnote The older female is **driven off** but younger female nest is wrecked/ The army was **drivn off** by the fierce atlacks of the rebels. We were **driven off** the island by the new owner.

Question 61

easily damaged or broken object

Answer 61

**fragile** ## Footnote **fragile** egg/vase/items **NOTE:** Synonyms : "**breakable, brittle** (EASILY DAMAGED) **delicate** (EASILY DAMAGED)"

Question 62

**rude** but not seriously offensive / confident or showing confidence

Answer 62

**sassy** ## Footnote a **sassy** young girl/dog/teenager boy I was a **sassy** kid who sometimes talked back to my mother.

Question 63

**idiom** If you need to go to the toilet, then this is the idiom to use (polite way to say)

Answer 63

**Nature's Call** ## Footnote OR**: Nature's calling** Why are you late? - I had to answer **the call of nature.** I kept waking up to answer **nature's call**.

Question 64

the **particular** **importance** or **attention** that is given to something

Answer 64

**emphasis** ## Footnote In Humanism, the **emphasis** is on the human being. On the other hand, in Feminism, the emphasis is solely on the right of the woman. Humanists approach the human being in a holistic manner, despite their gender difference. Feminists, however, stress the positioning of women specifically.

Question 65

public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing something

Answer 65

**advocacy** ## Footnote Feminism is the **advocacy** of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

Question 66

something that especially **annoys you**

Answer 66

**pet peeve** مایه رنجش ## Footnote what is your biggest **"pet peeve"**? - People being late without telling me first. Weak coffee is one of my **pet peeves**. **NOTE: "peeve** = to annoy someone" :"It **peeves** me that she didn't bother to phone."

Question 67

Idiom: **annoy** or **irritate** someone **intensely**. 2-to affect someone positively

Answer 67

**get under someone's skin** I've noticed that little things have been **getting under my skin** lately – things that shouldn’t upset me ## Footnote [Five Things Our Judgments of Others Say About Us](https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/in-love-and-war/202001/5-things-our-judgments-others-say-about-us). This might explain why certain people **get under your skin**.

Question 68

tasting extremely good; delicious

Answer 68

**scrumptious** scrumptious cakes

Question 69

the state of **being drunk**

Answer 69

**inebriation** ## Footnote He was in an advanced state of **inebriation**.

Question 70

to put one's foot in something/ you get a job very easily

Answer 70

**step into** ## Footnote "Upon those who **step into** the same rivers, different and again different waters flow." **Heraclitus**

Question 71

**American idiomatic expression** to express one's opinion

Answer 71

**throw (put) one's two cents in** ## Footnote **I just want to throw my two cents in. If you know what that means, it means I want to give my own piece of advice.** You will each have a chance to **put in your two cents**.

Question 72

to **remember** a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter

Answer 72

**bear/keep sth in mind** ## Footnote **Bear in mind** that's not an exact or by any means complete synopsis of how the study of philosophy came into being.

Question 73

a short description of the contents of something such as a film or book

Answer 73

**synopsis** ## Footnote Bear in mind that's not an exact or by any means complete **synopsis** of how the study of philosophy came into being. **plural synopses** کوتهواره، چکیده، همبینی، مختصر

Question 74

a **comparison** of the features or qualities of two different things to show their **similarities**

Answer 74

**analogy** He was explaining that the mind has no form and is invisible, and that a useful **analogy** is of the mind being like the sky.

Question 75

to choose someone officially to do a particular job:

Answer 75

**designate** She has been designated to organize the meeting.

Question 76

(esp. of something bad) very great / extremely large

Answer 76

**colossal** /kəˈlɑː.səl/ ## Footnote **colossal** apetite /

Question 77

a chemical substance for killing insects

Answer 77

**insecticide** ## Footnote Smoke is an insecticide.

Question 78

to guess, based on the appearance of a situation and not on proof

Answer 78

**conjecture** /kənˈdʒek.tʃɚ/ ## Footnote Thales for instance observed that matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases, and he also observed that wate exists an all three states -- which is why he **conjectured** that everything is made of water. برداشت سطحی (برمبنای مدارک و اطلاعات ناکافی و حدسیات) گمان بردن

Question 79

(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail

Answer 79

**robust** ## Footnote knowledge about any sunject becomes more **robust** as we question, challenge, and ultimately improve on it.

Question 80

involving a lot of sudden changes, arguments, or violence

Answer 80

**turbulent** a **turbulent** marriage This has been a **turbulent** week for the administration.

Question 81

a fixed, especially religious, belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept without any doubts

Answer 81

**dogma** It is worth observing that religion is the one area of our lives where faith in **dogma**—that is, belief without sufficient evidence—is considered a virtue. ([Sam Harris](https://www.samharris.org/blog/faith-wont-heal-a-divided-world))

Question 82

a **questioning attitude** or **doubt** toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere **belief** or **dogma**.

Answer 82

**skepticism** (UK usually **scepticism**) First, we need to approach every data set with **skepticism**.

Question 83

a method or way of doing something

Answer 83

**means** ## Footnote Television is an increasingly important **means** of communication. We need to find some other **means** of transportation.

Question 84

expressing or able to express things easily and clearly

Answer 84

**articulate** /ɑrˈtɪk·jə·lət/ There is no simple definition of the concept of religion that fully **articulates** all its dimensions.

Question 85

seeming to be everywhere

Answer 85

**ubiquitous** /juːˈbɪk.wə.t̬əs/ Encompassing spiritual, personal, and social elements, religion is **ubiquitous**, appearing in every culture from prehistory to the modern day.

Question 86

someone or something that represents a quality or an idea exactly

Answer 86

**embodiment** /ɪmˈbɑː.di.mənt/ *the embodiment of something:* Many religions recognized the particular significance of one or more individuals as founders of the faith: they may have been **embodiments** of god, such as Jesus or Krishna, or recipients of special divine revelation, such as Moses and Muhammad

Question 87

the act of obeying a law or following a religious custom

Answer 87

**observance** /əbˈzɝː.vəns/ Perhaps the most obvious elements we can use to identify and compare religions are the **observances** of a faith. These includes such activities as prayer, pilgrimage, meditation, feasting and fasting, dress, and of course ceremonies and rituals.

Question 88

refers to **the seven dimensions of religion** framework developed by **Ninian Smart** for exploring and understanding religion.

Answer 88

**“dimensions of religion”** The seven dimensions of religion are 1)practical and ritual, 2)emotional and experiential, 3)narrative and mythical, 4)ethical and legal, 5)doctrinal and philosophical, 6)social and institutional, and 7)material .

Question 89

to say that something is certainly true

Answer 89

**assert** ## Footnote Philosophy isn't just about **asserting beliefs**, *It's about* defending them./ He **asserts** that she stole money from him.

Question 91

to remove all signs of something; destroy:

Answer 91

**obliterate** ## Footnote “after supernova, Any life that might have existed in the star’s own planetary system would have been **obliterated**. ”

Question 92

an extremely destructive event or violent change

Answer 92

**cataclysm** /ˈkæt̬.ə.klɪ.zəm/ environmental/natural cataclysms Ancient Greek κατακλυσμός (kataklusmós, “deluge, flood” ## Footnote environmental/natural **cataclysms**

Question 93

not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition | adj

Answer 93

**irreversible** | /ˌɪr.əˈvɝː.sə.bəl/ ## Footnote North Korea declares itself a nuclear weapons state. North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un called the move "**irreversible"**

Question 94

intending to persuade other people to **oppose their government** | Adj

Answer 94

**seditious** ## Footnote A Hong Kong judge has found five speech therapists guilty of publishing **seditious** children's books. ([News link)](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62821043) فتنه جو، فتنه انگیز، آشوب‌انگیز Noun : **sedition**

Question 95

# book title a book written by **Yuval Noah Harari**, which explores **the future of humanity** and the potential paths that our species may take. | 2015, 448 pages, Futures studies, Social philosophy

Answer 95

**Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow** | انسان خداگونه: تاریخ مختصر آینده. فرهنگ نشر نو ## Footnote The book deals more with the abilities acquired by humans (Homo sapiens) throughout their existence, and their evolution as the dominant species in the world. The book describes mankind’s current abilities and achievements and attempts to paint an image of the future. [(link)](https://www.ynharari.com/book/homo-deus/)

Question 96

by a very large amount | Adverb

Answer 96

**astronomically** | /ˌæs.trəˈnɑː.mɪ.kəl.i/ ## Footnote cost of living is rising **astronomically**.

Question 97

to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad

Answer 97

**eradicate** /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ ## Footnote The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been **eradicated**. از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن

Question 98

If you describe someone's **feelings** or characteristics as ........., you are emphasizing that they are very **strong** and **not** **mixed** with any other **feeling** or **quality.** ## Footnote **adjective**

Answer 98

**undiluted /**ˌʌn.daɪˈluː.t̬ɪd/ ## Footnote 1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with **_undiluted pleasure._** (Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth II) I will look back at this one with **undiluted pleasure.**

Question 99

an **advantage** that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich

Answer 99

**privilege** ## Footnote Life is the greatest show on Earth, and we humans have the extraordinary **privilege** of having brains large enough to begin to understand it.

Question 100

having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally

Answer 100

**ambiguous** His reply to my question was somewhat **ambiguous**. = am'bivalent = e'quivocal | /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/

Question 101

# book title a book by the German philosopher **Arthur Schopenhauer**. It explores various strategies and techniques to effectively argue and win debates, regardless of the truth or validity of one's arguments. | German: Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten; 1831 ## Footnote subject: Philosophy, Critical Thinking, Logics

Answer 101

**The Art of Always Being Right**: The 38 Ways to Win an Argument | هنر همیشه بر حق بودن. ققنوس. مترجم عرفان ثابتی

Question 102

to **get control** of something or (to do something instead of someone else) | phrasal verb

Answer 102

**take over** (something) | /teɪk/ ## Footnote “Unstoppable Us, Volume 1: How Humans** Took Over** the World” is a book by Yuval Noah Harari and Ricard Zaplana Ruiz