Vocabulary

Question 1

A drug that activates a receptor by binding to it and produces that same effect the endogenous ligand would.

Answer 1

Agonist

Question 2

A drug that binds w/o activating the receptor and blocks the agonists/endogenous ligand.

Answer 2

Antagonist

Question 3

An antagonist concentration is increased that progressively inhibits the response to the agonist.

Answer 3

Competitive Antagonism

Question 4

You have administered an antagonist and are trying to overcome it with an agonist but you cannot completely overcome the antagonistic effects. What is this called?

Answer 4

Non-competitive Antagonism

Question 5

This type of drug binds to the agonist site (orthosteric site) and activates the receptor but not completely. Also, when you gave an agonist, it’s effects were not seen.

Answer 5

Partial Agonist
Can act as an antagonist in combination with an agonist bc it blocks its orthosteric site.

Question 6

This type of drug binds to the orthosteric site/competes with an agonist but produces the opposite effect of the agonist and also turns off the receptors constitutive activity.

Answer 6

Inverse Agonist

Question 7

A decreased response to the same drug dose.

Answer 7

Tolerance or Tachyphylaxis

Question 8

Your body’s effect on the drug, ADME.

Answer 8

Pharmacokinetics

Question 9

This is a hypothetical volume into which a drug initially distributes upon administration of and can be thought of as the blood in vessels and tissues which are highly perfused with blood.

Answer 9

Central Volume

Question 10

A group of organs that make up the bulk of arterial blood flow (heart, brain, kidneys, liver)

Answer 10

Vessel-rich group

Question 11

A type of process that happens at a set/constant rate. (Rate is constant) (i.e. consumption of O2 and production of CO2)

Answer 11

Zero-order process

Question 12

A type of process that happens at a rate that is proportional to the amount where clearance is constant.

Answer 12

First-order process

Question 13

The time is takes for a drug concentration to decrease by 50% via body elimination.
Dose-dependent, organ function dependent.

Answer 13

Half-life

Question 14

The time for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50% from an infusion that maintains a constant concentration.

(This is important to consider in ICU/long cases with long infusions and hangovers.)
It requires a longer amount of time to metabolize the drug because only half % of the drug is eliminated at specific time intervals.

Answer 14

Context-sensitive Half-Time

Question 15

NOT dose-dependent; Based on the drugs Vd (volume of distribution)/ receptors uptake of medication out of the plasma
NOT based on organ function but on chemical properties
Time for plasma concentration to fall 50%

Answer 15

Half-time

Question 16

Your body’s ability to eliminate a drug based off its concentration and time.

Answer 16

Clearance

Question 17

The quantitative study of your body’s response to a drug.
(what a drug does to the body)

Answer 17

Pharmacodynamics

Question 18

The study of how molecules are structured in 3D.

Answer 18

Stereochemistry

Question 19

A subset of stereochemistry; term used to designate a molecule that has a center of 3D asymmetry.

Answer 19

Chirality

Question 20

A pair of chemically identical molecules existing in two forms that are mirror images of one another but CANNOT be superimposed.

Answer 20

Enantiomerism

Question 21

Two enantiomers that are present in equal proportions (50:50) and do NOT rotate polarized light bc the optical activity of each is canceled by the other.

Answer 21

Racemic mixtures

Question 22

A study in pharmacology that reveals itself by altered responses to drugs due to genetically determined disease states.

Answer 22

Pharmacogenetics

Question 23

Temporary loss of recall

Answer 23

Amnesia

Question 24

Converting short-term memory into long-term memory; conscious memory

Answer 24

Recall

Question 25

What are the 3 depths of sedation?

Answer 25

1. Minimal sedation - anxiolytics
2. Moderate - analgesia/conscious sedation
3. Deep

Question 26

The rapid induced state of drug-induced anesthesia is called?

Answer 26

General Anesthesia

Question 27

The inability to feel pain is called?

Answer 27

Analgesia

Question 28

A feather brushes against the bottom of your foot and you feel excruciating pain. What is the term used to describe this response to a typical non-painful stimuli?

Answer 28

Allodynia

Question 29

You experience a pain level of 10 (on a 0-10 scale) from the pulse-ox sticker being placed and wrapped on your finger. You are told you have increased sensitization of your peripheral and central pain signaling pathway. What is this increased sensitivity to pain called?

Answer 29

Hyperalgesia

Question 30

Increased responsiveness of peripheral neurons responsible for pain transmission to heat, cold, mechanical and chemical stimuli is called?

Answer 30

Sensitization.
Usually a cause of increased release of inflammatory mediators and adaptation of signaling pathways in primary sensory neurons induced by noxious stimuli.

Question 31

Your diabetic patient complains of pain in her foot but when you look, there is nothing there but a small scar from an old, healed tissue injury.
What type of pain is this?

Answer 31

Neuropathic pain.

Question 32

You notice that you are having very localized, burning pain in your deltoid muscle. What type of pain can this be described as?

Answer 32

Somatic pain

Question 33

The next day, you notice you are now having a very deep pain somewhere in your trunk that is hard to localize. You are also very irritable today and your pulse is increased from your normal. What type of pain can this be described as?

Answer 33

Visceral pain

Question 34

Pain from nerve irritation or damage is called?

Answer 34

Neuralgia

Question 35

This term can also be described as tolerance.

Answer 35

Tachyphylaxis

Question 36

You give a combination of two drugs to produce summative effects.

Answer 36

Additive

Question 37

Two drugs that have a greater than summative effect.

Answer 37

Synergistic

Question 38

You give fentanyl and the patient reports pain relief. This shows the drug’s ________.

Answer 38

Efficacy - ability to produce desired effect.

Question 39

The relationship of drug dose vs the effect.

Answer 39

Potency

Question 40

What is ED50?

Answer 40

Median effective dose - the dose required to produce desired effect in 50% of patients.

Question 41

This refers to the dose required to produce death in 50% of patients.

Answer 41

LD50 - median lethal dose

Question 42

This refers to the safety profile of drugs and can be calculated by dividing LD50 by ED50.
(The larger this is, the safer the drug)

Answer 42

Therapeutic Index (TI)

Question 43

Pain that lasts a short-term (days to weeks).

Answer 43

Acute pain

Question 44

In your patient history, Mr. Castillo reports lumbar surgery 1.5 years ago and pain for over a year in his lower back. This type of pain is called what?

Answer 44

Chronic pain