Vocabulary

Question 1

drug that activates a receptor by binding to that receptor

Answer 1

Agonist

Question 2

• drug that binds to a receptor without activating that receptor
• Block the action of agonists simply by getting in the way of the agonist, preventing the agonist from binding to the receptor and producing the drug effect

Answer 2

Antagonist

Question 3

present when increasing concentrations of the antagonist progressively inhibit the response to the agonist.

Answer 3

Competitive antagonism

Question 4

present when, after administration of an antagonist, even high concentrations of agonist cannot completely overcome the antagonism. (either covalent bond or allosteric bound)

Answer 4

Non-competitive antagonism

Question 5

• drug that binds to a receptor but doesn’t cause full drug effect drug that binds to a receptor (usually at the agonist site) where it activates the receptor but not as much as a full agonist.
• Even at supramaximal doses, this cannot cause the full drug effect.
• May also have antagonist activity in which case they are also called agonist-antagonists.
• When administered with a full agonist, it decreases the effect of the full agonist

Answer 5

Partial agonist

Question 6

• bind at the same site as the agonist (and likely compete with it), but they produce the opposite effect of the agonist.
• “turn off ” the constitutive activity of the receptor

Answer 6

Inverse agonists

Question 7

decreased response to the same dose of drug

Answer 7

Tolerance

Question 8

• the quantitative study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of injected and inhaled drugs and their metabolites
• describes what the body does to a drug

Answer 8

Pharmacokinetics

Question 9

the volume that intravenously injected drug initially mixes into.

Answer 9

Central volume

Question 10

tissues receiving high arterial flow.

Answer 10

Vessel rich group

Question 11

a constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit of time.

Answer 11

Zero-order processes

Question 12

• amount eliminated will be dependent on the maximum blood/plasma concentration and not of time
• indicates that the rate of elimination is proportional to the concentration (ie, the higher the concentration, the greater the amount of drug eliminated per unit time.

Answer 12

First-order processes

Question 13

the half-time for equilibration between plasma and the site of the drug effect

Answer 13

Elimination Half-time

Question 14

• the time required for a 50% decrease in x;
• constant regardless of the amount of drug in the body.
• The concentration of such a drug in the blood will decrease by 50% for every this

Answer 14

Elimination Half-life

Question 15

• the time for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50% from an infusion that maintains a constant concentration.

Answer 15

Context-sensitive half-time

Question 16

the amount of blood completely cleared of drug per unit time

Answer 16

Clearance

Question 17

describes what the drug does to the body

Answer 17

Pharmacodynamics

Question 18

the study of how molecules are structured in three dimension

Answer 18

Stereochemistry

Question 19

a molecule with a center of 3 dimensional asymmetry

Answer 19

Chirality

Question 20

pairs of molecules that are mirror images

Answer 20

Enantiomerism

Question 21

enantiomers present in equal proportion

Answer 21

Racemic

Question 22

• study of genetic factors determining drug response and the use of gene sequencing or expression profile data to tailor therapies specific to an individual patient
• The response to many drugs varies greatly among patients

Answer 22

Pharmacogenetics

Question 23

temporary loss of recall

Answer 23

Amnesia

Question 24

conscious memory

Answer 24

Recall

Question 25

Dee

altered level of consciousness – Minimal, Moderate, and Deep

Answer 25

Sedation

Question 26

drug-induced loss of consciousness during which patients are not arousable, even by painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function is often impaired. Patients often require assistance in maintaining a patent airway, and positive pressure ventilation may be required because of depressed spontaneous ventilation or drug-induced depression of neuromuscular function. Cardiovascular function may be impaired.

Answer 26

General Anesthesia

Question 27

inability to feel pain

Answer 27

Analgesia

Question 28

pain response from typically non-painful stimulation

Answer 28

Allodynia

Question 29

an abnormally increased sensitivity to pain

Answer 29

Hyperalgesia

Question 30

increased sensitivity to subsequent inoffensive stimuli; refers to the increased responsiveness of peripheral neurons responsible for pain transmission to heat, cold, mechanical, or chemical stimulation

Answer 30

Sensitization

Question 31

pain that persists after tissue injury has healed and is characterized by reduced sensory and nociceptive thresholds (allodynia and hyperalgesia); Injury of peripheral nerves by trauma, surgery, or diseases (diabetes) frequently results in the development of this

Answer 31

Neuropathic pain

Question 32

pain related to muscles, skeleton.

Answer 32

Somatic pain

Question 33

• pain related to activation of nociceptors in the thorax, abdomen, pelvis.
• Diffuse and poorly localized, typically referred to somatic sites (eg muscle and skin), and it is usually associated with stronger emotional and autonomic reactions

Answer 33

Visceral pain

Question 34

pain in the nerve pathway

Answer 34

Neuralgia

Question 35

appearance of progressive decrease in response to a given dose after repetitive administration of a pharmacologically or physiologically active substance.

Answer 35

Tachyphylaxis

Question 36

combination of 2 drugs with summative effects

Answer 36

Additive

Question 37

combination of 2 drugs with greater than summative effects

Answer 37

Synergistic

Question 38

*the ability to produce the intended result

*a measure of the intrinsic ability of a drug to produce a given physiologic or clinical effect.

Answer 38

Efficacy

Question 39

the relationship of the dose to the effect

Answer 39

Potency

Question 40

dose of a drug required to produce a specific desired effect in 50% of individuals receiving the drug.

Answer 40

Median effective dose (ED50):

Question 41

the dose of a drug required to produce death in 50% of patients (or more often animals)

Answer 41

Median lethal does (LD50):

Question 42

the ratio between the LD50 and the ED50 (LD50/ED50). The larger this is of a drug, the safer the drug is for clinical administration

Answer 42

Therapeutic index

Question 43

• limited to the short-term, typically extending for days to weeks after injury.
• provides an important protective mechanism, signaling the individual to protect the injured region from repeated injury, so that tissue healing can ensue.
• Under most circumstances, as tissue heals, the acute sensitization in the region surrounding the injury gradually subsides, and sensory thresholds revert to normal.
• Acute pain and the accompanying sensitization that accompany any injury do not typically persist after the initial injury has healed.

Answer 43

Acute pain

Question 44

• is persistent pain that persists after all tissue healing appears to be complete and extends beyond the expected period of healing.
• In individuals with chronic pain, pain receptors continue to fire, even in the absence of tissue damage.
• There may no longer be a physically discernible tissue injury, yet the pain response persists.

Answer 44

Chronic pain