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AP CSP FINAL VOCABULARY > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is Binary?

A

A way of representing information using only two options.

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2
Q

What is Decimal?

A

A way of representing information using ten options.

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3
Q

What is a Bit?

A

A contraction of ‘Binary Digit’; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.

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4
Q

What is a Byte?

A

8 bits.

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5
Q

What is an Overflow Error?

A

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large.

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6
Q

What is a Round-off Error?

A

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.

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7
Q

What is Analog Data?

A

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time.

Examples include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.

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8
Q

What is Digital Data?

A

Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values.

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9
Q

What is Sampling?

A

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples.

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10
Q

What is Lossless Compression?

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.

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11
Q

What is Lossy Compression?

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

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12
Q

What is Intellectual Property?

A

A work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.

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13
Q

What is Creative Commons?

A

A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created.

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14
Q

What is a Computing Device?

A

A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.

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15
Q

What is a Computing System?

A

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

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16
Q

What is a Computing Network?

A

A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

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17
Q

What is a Path in networking?

A

The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

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18
Q

What is Bandwidth?

A

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

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19
Q

What is a Protocol?

A

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system.

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20
Q

What is an IP Address?

A

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

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21
Q

What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

A

A protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device.

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22
Q

What is a Router?

A

A type of computer that forwards data across a network.

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23
Q

What is a Packet?

A

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

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24
Q

What is Redundancy?

A

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail.

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25
What does Fault Tolerant mean?
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures.
26
What is HTTP?
HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet.
27
What is the Domain Name System (DNS)?
The system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses.
28
What is the Internet?
A computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.
29
What is the World Wide Web?
A system of linked pages, programs, and files.
30
What is the Digital Divide?
Differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.
31
What is a User Interface?
The inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software.
32
What is Input?
Data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program.
33
What is Output?
Any data that are sent from a program to a device.
34
What is a Program Statement?
A command or instruction, sometimes referred to as a code statement.
35
What is a Program?
A collection of program statements that run one command at a time.
36
What is Sequential Programming?
Program statements run in order, from top to bottom.
37
What is Event Driven Programming?
Some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press.
38
What is Documentation?
A written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
39
What is a Comment in programming?
A form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people.
40
What is Pair Programming?
A collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress.
41
What is Debugging?
Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.
42
What is the Development process?
The steps or phases used to create a piece of software.
43
What is an Event in programming?
Associated with an action and supplies input data to a program.
44
What is an Expression?
A combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value.
45
What is an Assignment Operator?
Allows a program to change the value represented by a variable.
46
What is a Variable?
A named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.
47
What is a String?
An ordered sequence of characters.
48
What is a Boolean Value?
A data type that is either true or false.
49
What are Comparison Operators?
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression.
50
What are Logical Operators?
NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.
51
What is a Conditional Statement?
Affects the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.
52
What is a Function?
A named group of programming instructions, also referred to as a procedure.
53
What is a Function Call?
A command that executes the code within a function.
54
What is Metadata?
Data about data.
55
What is Citizen Science?
Scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.
56
What is Cleaning Data?
A process that makes the data uniform without changing its meaning.
57
What is Correlation?
A relationship between two pieces of data, typically referring to the amount that one varies in relation to the other.
58
What is Crowdsourcing?
The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.
59
What is Information?
The collection of facts and patterns extracted from data.
60
What is Data Bias?
Data that does not accurately reflect the full population or phenomenon being studied.
61
What is Data Filtering?
Choosing a smaller subset of a data set to use for analysis.
62
What is a List?
An ordered collection of elements.
63
What is an Element?
An individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index.
64
What is an Index?
A common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers.
65
What is Iteration?
A repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
66
What is an Infinite Loop?
Occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.
67
What is Traversal?
The process of accessing each item in a list one at a time.
68
What is Data Abstraction?
Manage complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation.
69
What is a Parameter?
A variable in a function definition used as a placeholder for values that will be passed through the function.
70
What is an Argument?
The value passed to the parameter.
71
What is Return in programming?
Used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure was called and to return the value of expression.
72
What is Procedural Abstraction?
A process that allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it does it.
73
What is a Library in programming?
A group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs.
74
What is an API?
Application Program Interface - specifications for how functions in a library behave and can be used.
75
What is Modularity?
The subdivision of a computer program into separate subprograms.
76
What is Computing Innovation?
Includes a program as an integral part of its function.
77
What is Personally Identifiable Information (PII)?
Information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them.
78
What is Phishing?
A technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information.
79
What is Keylogging?
The use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user.
80
What is Malware?
Software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation.
81
What is a Rogue Access Point?
A wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.
82
What is Encryption?
A process of encoding messages to keep them secret.
83
What is Decryption?
A process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text.
84
What is Symmetric Key Encryption?
Involves one key for both encryption and decryption.
85
What is Public Key Encryption?
Pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.
86
What is Multi-factor Authentication?
A system that requires at least two steps to unlock protected information.
87
What is Computer Virus Scanning Software?
Protects a computing system against infection.
88
What is a Problem in computing?
A general description of a task that can (or cannot) be solved with an algorithm.
89
What is an Algorithm?
A finite set of instructions that accomplish a task.
90
What is Sequencing?
Putting steps in an order.
91
What is Selection?
Deciding which steps to do next.
92
What is Iteration in algorithms?
Doing some steps over and over.
93
What is Efficiency?
A measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm.
94
What is Linear Search?
A search algorithm which checks each element of a list until the desired value is found.
95
What is Binary Search?
A search algorithm that starts at the middle of a sorted set of numbers and removes half of the data.
96
What is Reasonable Time in algorithms?
Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower are said to run in a reasonable amount of time.
97
What is Unreasonable Time in algorithms?
Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time.
98
What is a Heuristic?
Provides a 'good enough' solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible.
99
What is a Decision Problem?
A problem with a yes/no answer.
100
What is an Optimization Problem?
A problem with the goal of finding the 'best' solution among many.
101
What is an Undecidable Problem?
A problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer.
102
What is Sequential Computing?
A model in which programs run in order, one command at a time.
103
What is Parallel Computing?
A model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously.
104
What is Distributed Computing?
A model in which programs are run by multiple devices.
105
What is Speedup?
The time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel.

AP CSP FINAL VOCABULARY (1 decks)

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