Vocabulary 3

Question 1

Phonetic constraints

Answer 1

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds.

Question 2

Sound substitution

Answer 2

It is a process in which speakers use sounds of their native language to replace non-native sounds when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 3

Phoneme

Answer 3

A set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound.

Question 4

Allophone

Answer 4

Each member of a particular phoneme set. It corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker.

Question 5

Contrastive distribution

Answer 5

A case in which two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word.

Question 6

Complementary distribution

Answer 6

The second type of distribution. The occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment.
Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.

Question 7

Free variation

Answer 7

Two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words.

Question 8

Overlapping distribution

Answer 8

The occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environments.

Question 9

Underlying form

Answer 9

The phonetic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied.

Question 10

Conditioning environment

Answer 10

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change.

Question 11

Obstruents

Answer 11

A natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off.

Question 12

Sonorants

Answer 12

Sound which is usually voiced produced with a relatively open passage of airflow.
Nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels are sonorants.

Question 13

Assimilation

Answer 13

A process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sounds in terms of some features.

Question 14

Patalization

Answer 14

A process of assimilation.
A process wherein a sound takes on a palatal (sound made by raising the body of the tongue toward the hard part of the roof of the mouth place) of articulation, usually in assimilation high or mid front vowels like [i] or[e]

Question 15

Vowel Harmony

Answer 15

Long assimilation between vowels.

Question 16

Dissimilation

Answer 16

Process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Question 17

Manner dissimilation

Answer 17

Greek: A stop becomes fricative when followed by another stop.

Question 18

Insertion

Answer 18

Phonological rules of insertion cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word. An example of this kind of rule from English is voiceless stop insertion.

Voiceless stop insertion: English: Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal inserted.

Question 19

Deletion

Answer 19

Deletion rules eliminate a sound that was present at the phonemic level. Such rules apply more frequently to unstressed syllables and in casual speech.

Deletion: English: May be deleted in unstressed syllables.

Question 20

Metathesis

Answer 20

Rules of metathesis change the order of sounds.

In many instances, sounds metathesize in order to make words easier to pronounce or easier to understand.

Question 21

Strenghthening

Answer 21

Also called fortition. Rules of strengthening make sounds stronger.

Question 22

Aspiration

Answer 22

English: Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

Question 23

Weakening

Answer 23

Also called lenition. Rules of weakening cause sounds to become weaker.

Question 24

Flapping

Answer 24

English: An alveolar (oral) stop is realized as [r] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.

Question 25

Obligatory Rules

Answer 25

Always applies in the speech of all speakers of a language or dialect having the rule, regardless of style or rate of speaking. Include: aspiration, vowel nasalization, vowel lengthening, and liquid and glide devoicing.

Question 26

Optional Rules

Answer 26

May or may not apply in any given utterance. Optional rules are responsible for variation in speech. The use of optional rules depends in part on rate and style of speech.