Vocabulary

Question 0

Aversive stimulus

Answer 0

A stimulus that is noxious to the individual; an event that the individual will work to avoid. When presented as a consequence of the behavior, and aversive stimulus will often decrease the frequency of that behavior

Question 1

Antecedent

Answer 1

An event that occurs before a behavior; may or may not be identifiable and may or may not be the cause of the behavior

Question 2

Baseline

Answer 2

The period of time prior to treatment, during which behaviors are observed and measured

Question 3

Behavior

Answer 3

Any observable and measurable act; a response

Question 4

Consequence

Answer 4

The event that follows a behavior

Question 5

Contingency

Answer 5

A relationship between a behavior and a consequence, such that a specified consequence follows a specified behavior

Question 6

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 6

A schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered each time the desired behavior occurs

Question 7

DRA

Answer 7

Differential reinforcement of appropriate behavior; a procedure in which a reinforcer is delivered contingent upon the occurrence of an appropriate or desired behavior

Question 8

DRO

Answer 8

Differential reinforcement of other behavior; A procedure in which a reinforcer is delivered at the end of the specified interval of time, provided that no inappropriate behaviors have occurred with in the interval

Question 9

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 9

A stimulus which is been associated with positive reinforcement and is used to signal the availability of positive reinforcement; cues the patient that if a specified behavior occurs positive reinforcement will be delivered contingent upon that behavior

Question 10

Establishing operation

Answer 10

An event that alters the effects of a reinforcer

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

Withholding a reinforcer that has been maintaining or increasing a behavior; a reductive procedure (results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior)

Question 12

Extinction burst

Answer 12

A temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of a behavior after the implementation of extinction

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

The occurrence of the behavior in the presence of a novel stimulus or any stimulus in whose presence the person’s behavior has not been reinforced. In the feeding unit, generalization typically refers to using a protocol in a different environment and/or having a variety of individuals implementing the protocol

Question 14

IOA

Answer 14

When two individuals observe behaviors simultaneously but independently during a specific period of time

Question 15

Negative reinforcer

Answer 15

A stimulus which, when removed as a consequence of a behavior, results in an increase in or maintenance of the behavior

Question 16

Noncontingent reinforcement

Answer 16

Reinforcement that is delivered regardless of whether or not the desired behavior occurred; reinforcement that is not related to the behavior of the patient

Question 17

Overcorrection

Answer 17

A procedure in which the patient is required to correct the environmental effects of a misbehavior in an extreme or exaggerated manner; that is the correction is logically related to the environmental effects but involves more than the simple or immediate effects. Overcorrection may be paired with positive practice, in which the patient repeatedly practices the appropriate form of the desired behavior.

Question 18

Positive reinforcer

Answer 18

A stimulus which, when presented as a consequence of a behavior, results in an increase or maintenance of the behavior

Question 19

Premack Principle

Answer 19

A procedure in which a behavior that the student performs frequently is used to reinforce the behavior that is performed infrequently

Question 20

Prompt

Answer 20

And auxiliary discriminative stimuli is that is presented in order to cue the student to perform a specified behavior. Types of problems are verbal, gestural, and physical

Question 21

Punishment

Answer 21

An event that decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows. Requires the delivery of an aversive stimulus, or the withdrawal of a positive reinforcer, contingent on the behavior

Question 22

Reinforcer

Answer 22

An event or stimulus that maintains or increases the probability of a response, when it follows (or is delivered contingent upon) a response

Question 23

Reliability

Answer 23

The extent to which two observers agree that specific events occurred or did not occur during a particular observation (Does not referred to accuracy)

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

A procedure in which behaviors not previously in the patient's repertoire are systematically developed by providing positive reinforcement for behaviors that more and more closely resemble or proximate the target behavior

Question 25

Target behavior

Answer 25

A behavior that has been selected for change

Question 26

Time-out

Answer 26

A punishment procedure in which positive reinforcement is withdrawn for a specified and a roll of time contingent upon the occurrence of a target behavior

Question 27

Aerophagia

Answer 27

The swallowing of air. This may be done voluntarily to stimulate belching, axillae during rapid eating or drinking, or as a habit

Question 28

Aspiration

Answer 28

Inhalation of residual bolus particles or refluxed stomach contents into the larynx after the swallow

Question 29

Barium swallow study and upper G.I. series

Answer 29

Diagnostic studies performed in the work up of dysphagia. The patient is asked to swallow liquid barium, the movement of the boys is then observed via fluoroscopy unrecorded on x-ray film or video tape. The process of swallowing is recorded from initiation to completion which provides a visual information about the pre-esophageal swallowing function, the nature of peristaltic activity, and the presence of gastroesophageal reflux as well as information about the anatomy of the esophagus and the pharynx

Question 30

Cerebral Palsy

Answer 30

A developmental abnormality of the brain resulting in weakness and incoordination of the lambs. The brain damage may be caused by injury during birth, hemorrhage, lack of oxygen before birth, meningitis, viral infection, or faulty development. The most common disability is a spastic paralysis, which may slowly increase from contractures to fix deformities of the lambs. Defective sensory perception is always present to some degree, and intelligence is often impaired. Posture and speech maybe severely affected