Vocabulary

Question 1

Somatic cells

Answer 1

Non-sexual/reproductive cells

Question 2

Autosomes

Answer 2

Chromosomes that carry asexual genes for body

Question 3

Karotype

Answer 3

Displays chromosomes in ascending order

Question 4

Haploid vs Diploid

Answer 4

Haploid is when you only have one full set of chromosomes represented by n

Diploid is when you have two full sets of chromosomes e.g. In somatic cells represented by 2n

Question 5

Meiosis and functions

Answer 5

Forms haploid gametes to form zygote
Functions: allows for haploid gametes
Variation in the offspring and therefore evolution
Maintenance of chromosome number

Question 6

Gametes

Answer 6

Sex cells

Question 7

Homologous pairs

Answer 7

Pairs of chromosones which carry genes for the same characteristics
1 mom and 1 dad

Question 8

Processes involved in Meiosis

Answer 8

Reduction division: 
Interphase 1 
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Mitotic Division
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2 
Telophase 2

Question 9

Bivalent

Answer 9

Refers to a pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 10

Fertilization

Answer 10

Two gametes fuse/ join to form a zygote and inevitably new offspring

Question 11

Chiasmata

Answer 11

The points at which two homologous non-sister chromatids touch and at which the process of crossing over will occur

Question 12

Genes

Answer 12

The group of nitrogen of bases on a chromosome required to make on protein

Question 13

Alleles

Answer 13

Alternative gene found at the same position /locus on the of homologous pairs

Question 14

Locus

Answer 14

The position of a gene on a chromosome

Question 15

Genome

Answer 15

The plan of the genes’ loci on the chromosome

Question 16

Zygote

Answer 16

Diploid sex cell formed by the fusion of two gamete cells during fertilization

Question 17

Homozygous

Answer 17

Identical alleles characteristics

Or purebred

Question 18

Heterozygous

Answer 18

Different alleles characteristics

Or hybrid

Question 19

Genotype

Answer 19

Genetic makeup of an organism

Question 20

Phenotype

Answer 20

The physical appearance of an organism

Question 21

Mendel’s law of inheritance

Law of segregation

Answer 21

The characteristics of an organism are determined by inherited genes which are found in homologous pairs and only one gene can be present/ dominant in gametes

Question 22

Gonosomes

Answer 22

Chromosome pair 23 which determined male or female

Sex chromosomes

Question 23

Mitosis

Answer 23

Cell division of a somatic cell

2 Identical daughter cells to parents

Question 24

Polygenes

Answer 24

More than one gene at one loci controls a specific characteristic

Question 25

Incomplete dominance

Answer 25

When both aspects are seen in the offspring e.g pink flowers from red and white mother and father

Question 26

Mutation

Answer 26

There is a sudden change in the DNA of a cell caused by a mutagen

Question 27

Mutagen

Answer 27

Substance which causes a mutation in a cells DNA

Question 28

Incomplete dominance

Answer 28

There is the creation of a new phenotype because the alleles contain genetic information which is equally as dominant E.g. Red and white gene produces pink flower

Question 29

Co dominance genes

Answer 29

The alleles have equal dominance and both of the alleles are seen in the offsprings phenotype... No mixture of the genetic information! E.g. Brown and blond hair

Question 30

Polygenes

Answer 30

It is a continuous characteristic in which more than one alleles controls a characteristic and the alleles have an additive effect e.g. Skin color

Question 31

Gene Mutations

Answer 31

The sudden change in a cells DNA structure and consequently change in genotype

Question 32

Mutagen

Answer 32

An agent which causes mutations

Question 33

Chromosomal mutation

Answer 33

Change in a chromosomes structure or number | During crossing over there can be a deletion, insertion or duplication of chromatids

Question 34

Translocation of chromosomes

Answer 34

When the chromatids attach to the wrong chromosome during crossing over

Question 35

Natural selection

Answer 35

When two organisms from the same species mate to produce an offspring without mankind

Question 36

Hybridization

Answer 36

When the recessive gene of a chromosome is not seen in the plants phenotype because it has mated with another species which contains the superior dominant gene

Question 37

Artificial selection

Answer 37

Humans purposefully choose two organisms to mate to have a desired offspring

Question 38

Selective breeding

Answer 38

A male and female animal are bred to have a desired offspring

Question 39

Genetic engineering

Answer 39

Use of molecular biology to change the genome of an organism

Question 40

Recombinant DNA

Answer 40

DNA which has been created in a lab by combining different genes and not natural

Question 41

Donor

Answer 41

The organism from which the desired genes are harvested

Question 42

Transgenic organism

Answer 42

The recipient of the donor's genes and has been genetically modified

Question 43

Cloning

Answer 43

Creating identical copies of molecules/organisms/cells

Question 44

Gene cloning

Answer 44

Uses recombinant DNA and plant tissue culture to produce GM crops

Question 45

Plant tissue culture

Answer 45

Production of large numbers of crops which are identical transgenic organisms

Question 46

Reproductive cloning

Answer 46

The donors cell's somatic cell's nucleus is placed within the surrogate gamete cell and grows...

Question 47

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 47

Involves stem cells and cloning

Question 48

Stem cells

Answer 48

They are the undifferentiated cells that can become specialized depending on their placement

Question 49

Polyploidy

Answer 49

The number of chromosomes in a cell

Question 50

Triploid

Answer 50

3n | The combination of haploid and diploid and causes infertile and no seeds flowers

Question 51

Tertraploid

Answer 51

4n In tomatoes which gives higher vitamin c levels Done purposefully by stopping formation of spindles in meiosis

Question 52

Polyploid

Answer 52

6n The combination of two Triploid cells Wheat which is fertile