Vocabulary Flashcards
(710 cards)
1
Q
Unilateral termination of care by the EMT without the patient’s consent and without making provisions for transferring care to another medical professional with skills and training necessary to meet the needs of the patient.
A
Abandonment
2
Q
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
A
Abdomen
3
Q
A rapidly fatal condition in which the walls of the aorta in the abdomen weaken and blood leaks into the layers of the vessel, causing it to bulge
A
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm also known as (AAA)
4
Q
Airway, Breathing and Circulation
A
ABC’s
5
Q
Four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint the location of the pain or injury: RUQ right upper quadrant, LUQ left upper quadrant, RLQ right lower quadrant, LLQ left lower quadrant.
A
Abdominal quadrants
6
Q
Spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced termination of pregnancy
A
Abortion
7
Q
A loss or damage of the superficial layer of skin as a result of a body part rubbing or scraping across a rough or hard surface; a scratch or scrape
A
Abrasion
8
Q
The preferred method to dislodge a severe airway obstruction in adults and children; also called the Heimlich maneuver.
A
Abdominal-thrust maneuver
9
Q
Motion of a limb away from the midline.
A
Abduction
10
Q
A condition in which the placenta separates from the Uterine wall; a cause of pre-birth bleeding
A
Abruptio Placentae
11
Q
The process by which medications or poisons pass through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream.
A
Absorption
12
Q
Gaining access to an enclosed area and reaching a patient
A
Access
13
Q
The secondary muscles of respiration. This may include the neck muscles, chest muscles and the abdominal muscles.
A
Accessory Muscles
14
Q
The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
A
Acetabulum
15
Q
A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues
A
Acidosis
16
Q
A simple joint where the bony projections of the scapula and the clavicle meet at the top of the shoulder
A
Acromioclavicular Joint (AC Joint)
17
Q
The therapeutic effect of a medication on the body
A
Action
18
Q
An oral medication that binds and absorbs ingested toxins in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses
A
Activated Charcoal
19
Q
A technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling it back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression)
A
CPR- Active compression-decompression
20
Q
Application of an external heat source to rewarm the body of a hypothermic patient
A
Active rewarming
21
Q
A condition of sudden onset of pain within the abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis.
A
Acute abdomen
22
Q
A blanket term used to represent any symptoms related to the, lack of Oxygen, (ischemia) in the heart muscle also called cardiac compromise
A
Acute Coronary syndrome
23
Q
A heart attack; death of heart muscle following obstruction to it; in this context the attack is new or happening right now
A
Acute Myocardial infarction
24
Q
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than women. It is also called the Thyroid cartilage
A
Adam’s apple
25
A state of overwhelming obsession or physical need to continue to use a substance.
Addiction
26
Motion of a limb "toward" the midline
Adduction
27
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP
28
Children between the ages of 13 to 18 years
Adolescents
29
Endocrine glands located at the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal glands
30
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
Adrenergic
31
The process of binding or sticking to a surface
Adsorption
32
Root word for Heart?
CARDI
33
Root word for Liver?
Hepat
34
Root word for Kidney?
Nephr
35
Root word for nerves?
Neur
36
Root word for Mind?
Psych
37
Root word for chest?
Thorac
38
What does the prefix "Hyper" stand for?
Over, excessive, high example- Hyperventilation fast respirations
39
What does the prefix "Hypo" stand for?
under, below normal example Hypothermia- low temperature
40
What does the prefix "Tachy" stand for?
rapid, fast example Tachycardia- fast heart rate
41
What does the prefix "Brady" stand for?
slow example Bradypnea- slow breathing
42
What does the prefix "PRE" stand for?
before example prenatal before birth
43
What does the prefix "Post" stand for?
after, behind example postsurgical- after surgery
44
What is the meaning of the suffix "al"?
pertaining to example- syncopal- pertaining to the loss of conciousness
45
What is the meaning of the suffix "algia"?
pertaining to pain- example- Myalgia- muscle pain
46
What is the meaning of the suffix "ectomy"?
surgical removal of- example appendectomy- surgical removal of appendix
47
What is the meaning of the suffix "ic"?
pertaining to - example- Diaphoretic- pertaining to sweat
48
What is the meaning of the suffix "itis"
inflammation- example- epiglottitis- inflammation of the epiglottis
49
What is the meaning of the suffix "logy"?
study of- example- cardiology study of the heart
50
What is the meaning of the suffix "logist"?
specialist- example pulmonologist, specialist in diseases of the lungs
51
What is the meaning of the suffix "megally"?
enlargement- example cardiomegaly, enlargement of the heart
52
What is the meaning of the suffix "Meter"?
measuring instrument- example sphygmomanometer, instrument to measure blood pressure
53
What is the meaning of the suffix "oma"?
tumor (usually referring to cancer)- example Lymphoma, cancer of the lymphatic system
54
What is the meaning of the suffix "pathy"?
disease- example- nephropathy, disease of the kidneys
55
What is the meaning of the prefix "semi"?
Half or partial- example semiconscious, partially concious
56
What is the meaning of the prefix "Hemi"?
Half, one sided- example- Hemiplegia, paralysis of one side of the body
57
What is the meaning of the prefix "Ambi"?
Both- example- Ambidextrous, able to use either hand equally well
58
What is the meaning of the prefix "Pan"?
All, entire- example- Pandemic, an epidemic over a wide area
59
What does the root word "cyan' describe?
Blue- example- Cyanosis, blue discoloration of the skin
60
What does the root word "leuk/o" describe?
White- example- Leukocyte, white blood cells that fight infection
61
What does the root word "erythr/o describe?
Red- example- erythrocyte, red blood cells that carry hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
62
What does the root word "cirrh/o describe?
yellow-orange- example- cirrhosis, inflammation of the liver causing yellow orange pigmentation of the skin/eyes
63
What does the root word "melan/o?
Black- example- Melana, black tarry stool typically caused by upper GI bleeding
64
What does the root word "alb"?
White- example- Albino, a person lacking skin pigmentation
65
What is the meaning of the prefix "ab"?
away, from- example abduction, away from the point of reference
66
What is the meaning of the prefix "ad"?
to, toward- example- adduction, toward the center
67
What is the meaning of the prefix "de"?
down from, away- example- decay, to waste away
68
What is the meaning of the prefix "circum"?
around, about- example- circumferential burn, a burn around the entire area (arm, chest, abdomen)
69
What is the meaning of the prefix "peri"?
around- example- pericardium, the sac around the heart
70
What is the meaning of the prefix "trans"?
across- example- Transverse colon, the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.
71
What is the meaning of the prefix "EPI"?
Above, upon, on- example- Epigatsric, above or over the stomach
72
What is the meaning of the prefix "supra"?
above, over- example- supraventricular tachycardia, An abnormally fast heart rhythm arising from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart.
73
What is the meaning of the prefix "retro"?
behind- example- retroperitoneal, the area behind the peritoneum
74
What is the meaning of the prefix "sub"?
under, beneath- example, subcutaneous, the lowest level of skin
75
What is the meaning of the prefix "infra"?
below, under- example- infraclavicular, situated or occurring below the clavicle
76
What is the meaning of the prefix "para"?
near, beside, beyond, apart from- example paraplegia, involving impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower limbs
77
What is the meaning of the prefix "contra"?
against, opposite- example- contraindicated, something that is not indicated
78
What is the meaning of the prefix "ecto"?
out, outside- example- ectopic pregnancy, pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus
79
What is the meaning of the prefix "endo"?
within- example- endoscopy, examining inside someone's body
80
What is the meaning of the prefix "extra"?
outside, in addition- example- extraneous, outside the organism and not belonging to it
81
What is the meaning of the prefix "intra"?
Inside, within- example- intraosseous infusion, injecting directly into the bone marrow
82
What is the meaning of the prefix "ipsi"?
same- example ipsilateral, on or affecting the same side
83
The Nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
84
Children between the ages of 12 and 18 years of age
Adolescents
85
Endocrine glands located at the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal glands
86
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
Adrenergic
87
To bind or stick to a surface
Adsorption Reasoning example: many medications bind with activated charcoal
88
Written documentation that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions; also called a living will or health care directive
Advance Directive
89
An individual who has trained in specific aspects of advanced life support, such as IV therapy, and the administration of certain emergency medications
Advanced EMT (AEMT)
90
Advanced life saving procedures, including cardiac monitoring, administration of IV fluids and medications and the use of advanced airway adjuncts
Advanced Life Support (ALS)
91
Abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing, stridor, rhonchi, and crackles
Adventitious breath sounds
92
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic metabolism
93
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps
Afterload
94
Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped; seen in dying patients
Agonal respirations (GASPS)
95
A medication that causes stimulation of receptors
Agonist
96
The presence of air bubbles in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if they enter the heart
Air Embolism
97
The spread of an organism via droplets or dust
Airborne transmission
98
The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids
Alkalosis
99
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiological source; it is the least harmful penetrating type of radiation and cannot travel more than a few inches or penetrate most objects
Alpha
100
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of the blood vessels
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
101
Any deviation from alert and oriented to person, place, time and event, or any deviation from the patients normal baseline mental status, may signal disease in the central nervous system or elsewhere in the body.
Altered Mental status
102
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Alveoli
103
The temperature of the surrounding environment
Ambient temperature
104
The fluid filled baglike membrane in which the fetus develops
Amniotic sac
105
An injury in which part of the body is completely severed
Amputation
106
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main product of lactic acid
Anaerobic metabolism
107
Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction
Anaphylactic shock
108
An extreme life, threatening system, allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure
Anaphylaxis
109
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Anatomic position
110
Describes a condition in which the patient has too few red blood cells, resulting in a decreased ability to transport oxygen throughout the body via the bloodstream
Anemic
111
An abnormal enlargement of the wall of a blood vessel that results from the weakening of the vessel wall
Aneurysm
112
Transient (short lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
Angina pectoris
113
Localized areas of swelling beneath the skin, often around the eyes and lips, but can also involve other areas as well
Angioedema
114
Naturally occurring uneven pupil size
Anisocoria
115
A medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications
Antagonist
116
The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position
Anterior
117
A serum that counteracts the effect of venom from an animal or insect
Antivenin
118
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart, which receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all the other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body
Aorta
119
A weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture
Aortic aneurysm
120
The one way valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of four heart valves
Aortic valve
121
A scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of 5 areas
Apgar score
122
the inability to understand or produce speech
Aphasia
123
Absence of spontaneous breathing- (Respiratory arrest)
Apnea
124
Inflammation or infection of the appendix
Appendicitis
125
a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Appendix
126
The manner in which principles of ethics are incorporated into professional conduct
Applied ethics
127
The smallest branches of the arteries leading to a vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
128
A disease that causes the arteries to thicken, harden and calcify
Arteriosclerosis
129
A blood vessel, consisting of 3 layers of tissue and smooth muscle, that carries blood away from the heart
Artery
130
Fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
131
A tracing on the ECG that is a result of interference such as patient movement
Artifact
132
A technique that help ensure pathogens are not introduced anywhere in the procedure, achieved by sterilization of equipment, or use of antiseptics or disinfectants; often used for fast, invasive procedures such as starting an IV line
Aseptic technique
133
In the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material in the lungs
Aspiration
134
A medication that is an antipyretic (reduces fever), analgesic (reduces pain), anti-inflammatory ( reduces inflammation), and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation (clumping)
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA)
135
Unlawfully placing a patient in fear of bodily harm
Assault
136
An acute spasm of the smaller air passages, called bronchioles, associated with excessive mucus production and with swelling of the mucus lining of the respiratory passages
Asthma
137
The complete absence of heart electrical activity
Asystole
138
Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern
Ataxic respirations
139
Collapse of the alveolar air spaces in the lungs
Atelectasis
140
A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, eventually leading to a partial or complete blockage of blood flow
Atherosclerosis
141
One of two (right and left) upper chambers of the heart. The right ___ receives blood from the vena cava and delivers it to the right ventricle. The left ___ receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle
Atrium
142
A sensation experienced before a seizure; serves as a warning sign that a seizure is about to occur
Aura
143
To listen to sounds within an organ with a stethoscope
Auscultate
144
A device that detects life threatening cardiac arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) and delivers the appropriate electrical shock to the patient
Automated external defibrillator (AED)
145
The ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract without stimulation from the nervous system
Automaticity
146
The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities of the body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food
Autonomic nervous system
147
A method of assessing the level of consciousness by determining whether the patient is awake and alert, responsive to verbal stimuli or pain, or unresponsive
AVPU
148
An injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose or is hanging as a flap
Avulsion
149
Injuries in which load is applied along the vertical or longitudinal axis of the spine, which results in load being transmitted along the entire length of the vertebral column; for example, falling from a height and landing on the feet in an upright position
Axial loading injuries
150
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column and rib cage
Axial skeleton
151
B-NICE
A memory device to recall the types of weapons of mass destruction: Biological, nuclear, incendiary, chemical and explosive
152
A device with a one way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen
Bag-valve-mask (BVM)
153
A joint that allows internal and external rotation as well as bending
Ball-and-socket joint
154
A branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity and allied diseases
Bariatrics
155
Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces, for example. from too much pressure in the lungs
Barotrauma
156
A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve that limits exposure to a patients body fluids
Barrier device
157
Noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat medical conditions; including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest
Basic Life support (BLS)
158
usually occur following diffuse impact to the head (such as falls, MVC); generally result from the linear fracture to the base of the skull. a fracture of the base of the skull, typically involving the temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and/or ethmoid bone.
Basilar Skull Fracture Signs/Symptoms: Battle's sign, Raccoon eyes, CSF cerebrospinal fluid from nose and ears
159
Unlawfully touching a patient or providing emergency care without consent
Battery
160
Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture
Battle sign
161
How a person functions or acts in response to his/her environment
Behavior
162
The point at which a person's reactions to events interfere with activities of daily living; this becomes a psychiatric emergency when it causes a major life interruption, such as attempted suicide
Behavioral crisis
163
A painful condition seen in divers who ascend too quickly, in which gas, especially nitrogen, forms bubbles in the blood vessels and other tissues; also called decompression sickness
Bends
164
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiological source; is slightly more penetrating than alpha and requires a layer of clothing to stop it.
Beta
165
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of the contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic receptors
166
The large muscle that covers the front of the humorous
Bicep
167
A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline
Bilateral
168
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
Bile ducts
169
Shipping papers used for transport of chemicals over roads and highways; also referred to as freight bolls
Bills of Lading
170
The study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care
Bioethics
171
What do the vagina and cervix form
Birth canal
172
To turn white
Blanche
173
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood Pressure
174
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, Hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Blood borne pathogens
175
A small amount of blood in the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor and may include a plug of pink tinged mucus that is discharged when the cervix begins to dilate
Bloody Show
176
A fracture of the orbit or of the bones that support the floor of the orbit
Blow-out fracture
177
An impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavities
Blunt trauma
178
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial Artery
179
A slow heart rate less than 60 beats/per minute
Bradycardia
180
Slow respiratory rate; in a child is an ominous sign that indicates impending respiratory arrest
Bradypnea
181
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life such as respiration
Brain Stem
182
Disclosure of information without proper authorization
Breach of confidentiality
183
An indication of air movement in the lungs, usually assessed with a stethoscope
Breath sounds
184
A delivery in which the buttocks or limb come out first
Breech presentation
185
Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli
Bronchioles
186
Inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occur in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus
Bronchiolitis
187
An acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and, depending on its cause, sometimes fever
Bronchitis
188
Injuries in which soft tissue damage occurs as a result of thermal heat, friction heat, toxic chemicals, electricity, or nuclear radiation.
Burns
189
The heel bone
Calcaneus
190
The small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules; various substances pass through the capillary walls, into and out of interstitial fluid, and then on to the cells
Capillaries
191
A test that evaluates distal circulatory system function by squeezing (blanching) blood from an area such as a nail bed and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure.
Capillary refill
192
A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism; efficiently measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time
Capnography
193
A waste product exhaled during respiration by the respiratory system
Carbon Dioxide
194
When the heart fails to generate effective and detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable
Cardiac arrest
195
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute; calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
Cardiac output
196
Compression of the heart as the result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output
Cardiac Tamponade
197
A state to which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. Sometimes caused by damage to the heart by an acute MI
Cardiogenic shock
198
Point of which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi
Carina
199
The major vessel in the neck that supplies blood to the head and brain
Carotid Artery
200
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones
Cartilage
201
Clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membranes
Cataracts
202
A phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullets path
Cavitation
203
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
204
Composed of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
205
Pulses that are closest to the core part of the body where the vital organs are located; includes the carotid and femoral
Central pulses
206
One of the three main subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain particularly fine body movements
Cerebellum
207
Swelling of the brain
Cerebral Edema
208
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
209
A interruption of the blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
210
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter, made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality
Cerebrum
211
The portion of the spinal column containing the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
Cervical spine
212
The lower third or neck of the uterus it is the narrowest portion of the uterus and opens into the vagina
Cervix
213
They monitor the levels of O2, CO2 and the PH of the Cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at a given time
Chemoreceptors
214
The reason a patient called for help, also the patient's response to the question "What's wrong?
Chief complaint
215
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Cholecystitis
216
A slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
217
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
218
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory system
219
Also known as the collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
220
An injury to the chest in which the skin is not broken, usually caused by blunt trauma
Closed chest injury
221
Questions that can be answered with yes or no answers
Close-ended questions
222
The formation of a clot to plug an opening in an injured blood vessel and stop bleeding
Coagulation
223
The last 3 or 4 vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
Coccyx
224
A safe area in a haz-mat incident for the agencies involved in the incident; The incident commander, command post EMS providers and other support functions are located in this zone.
Cold Zone (green zone) (clean zone)
225
A surgical procedure to create an opening between the colon and the surface of the bod
Colostomy
226
A blunt chest injury caused by a sudden direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of the persons heartbeat
Commotio Cordis
227
The early stage of shock when the body continues to stabilize during blood loss
Compensated Shock
228
A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brains abilities to function without actual physical damage to the brain
Concussion
229
A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
230
The delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eye
Conjunctiva
231
In the context of EMS, permission to render care
Consent
232
An infectious disease that spreads from one human to another; communicable
Contagious
233
A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
234
Conditions that make a particular medication or treatment inappropriate because it would not help, or may actually harm the patient
Contraindication
235
A bruise from an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin without breaking the skin
Contusion
236
The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye
Cornea
237
A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of the original impact
Coup- contrecoup brain injury Coup injury is on the impact side Contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of the impact
238
Rattling breath sounds signaling fluid in the air spaces of the lungs; formerly called rales
Crackles
239
A grating or grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together; also air bubbles under the skin that produce a crackling sound or crinkly feeling
Crepitus
240
An inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children
Croup
241
The appearance of the fetus's head at the vaginal opening during labor
Crowning
242
When one person imposes his/her beliefs, values, and practices on another
Cultural imposition
243
A blue-gray skin color that is caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood
Cyanosis
244
The mnemonic for assessment in which each area of the body is evaluated for an injury
DCAP-BTLS Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures/penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations and Swelling
245
The late stage of shock when the blood pressure is dropping
Decompensated shock
246
Sores caused by the pressure of skin against a surface for long periods; can range from a pink discoloration of the skin to a deep wound that may invade into bone or organs
Decubitus Ulcers AKA: Bed Sores
247
The formation of a blood clot within the larger vessels of an extremity, typically following a period of prolonged immobilization
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
248
The communication of false information about a person that is damaging to that persons reputation or standing in the community
Defamation
249
A sudden change in mental status that is generally acute and reversible, characterized by disorientation, inability to focus, inattention, inability to think logically, striking changes in personality and affect, hallucinations or decreased level of consciousness
Delirium
250
A severe withdrawal syndrome seen in alcoholics who are deprived of ethyl alcohol
Delirium Tremens (DT's) Characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation and seizures can be fatal if untreated
251
The slow onset of progressive disorientation, shortened attention span, and loss of cognitive function
Dementia This condition is generally chronic and irreversible
252
Swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground, caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of congestive heart failure
Dependent edema
253
Blood settling to the lowest point of the body, causing discoloration of the skin; a definitive sign of death
Dependent Lividity
254
The inner layer of skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
255
A metabolic disorder in which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates (sugar) is impaired
Diabetes Mellitus
256
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
257
Characterized by light or profuse sweating
Diaphoretic
258
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdomen
Diaphragm Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
259
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially in the ventricles
Diastole
260
The pressure that remains in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the hearts cycle
Diastolic pressure This occurs when the ventricles are at rest
261
A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
262
Widening of a tubular or circular structure
Dilation For example the pupil or artery
263
Disruption of a joint in which ligaments are damaged and the bone ends are no longer in contact
Dislocation
264
A condition in which the layers of an artery such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressure) to flow between the layers
Dissecting aneurism
265
Further from the trunk of the body or nearer to the free end of an extremity
Distal
266
An injury that prevents the patient from noticing other injuries he or she may have, even severe injuries
Distracting injury
267
Shock in which there is a marked decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and consequent hypotension.
Distributive Shock Examples are septic shock, neurogenic shock, and anaphylactic shock.
268
The posterior surface of the body including the back of the hand
Dorsal
269
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
Dorsalis pedis artery
270
A type of advanced directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his/her behalf, in the event that the person making the appointment loses decision making capability
Durable power of attorney healthcare
271
Slurred speech
Dysarthria
272
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
273
An irregular or abnormal heart rhythm
Dysrhythmia
274
A buildup of blood beneath the skin that produces a characteristic blue or black discoloration as the result of an injury
Ecchymosis Also known as a contusion or bruise
275
Severe Hypertension in a pregnant woman, resulting in seizures (convulsions)
Eclampsia
276
A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube
Ectopic pregnancy
277
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluids between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area
Edema
278
A person who is under the legal age in a given state but, because of other circumstances, is legally considered an adult
Emancipated minor
279
A blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage
Embolus
280
The early stage of development after the fertilization of the egg
Embryo
281
Vomit
Emesis
282
A disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Emphysema It is one form of COPD
283
Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body
Endocrine glands
284
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones; also regulates metabolism and maintains homeostasis
Endocrine system
285
The lining of the inside of the uterus
Endometrium
286
The amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath
End-tidal CO2
287
Medications that enter the body through the digestive system
Enteral
288
The outer layer of the skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a protective watertight covering of the body
Epidermis
289
An accumulation of blood between the skull and the dura mater
Epidural hematoma
290
A thin leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
291
A disease of the upper airway which causes airway obstruction. S/S include fever, neck pain, stridor and drooling
Epiglottitis
292
A disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain, causing seizure and possible loss of consciousness
Epilepsy
293
a hormone produced by the body that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system It stimulates alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 and used in cardiac arrest
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Alpha- constrict blood vessels Beta 1- increase heart rate Beta 2- Increase the diameter of the bronchioles of the lungs
294
A nosebleed
Epistaxis
295
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
296
The philosophy of right and wrong, of moral duties, and of a professional behavior
Ethics
297
The displacement of organs outside the body
Evisceration
298
A type of consent in which the patient gives authorization for provision of care or transport
Expressed Consent
299
The tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tubes
300
The confinement of a person without legal authority or the persons consent
False imprisonment
301
Seizures that result from sudden high fevers
Febrile seizures- Occurs in children aged 6 months to 5 years
302
The federal agency that has jurisdiction over interstate and international telephone and telegraph and satellite communications
Federal Communication commission (FCC)
303
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery
Femoral Artery
304
The longest and strongest bone of the body proximal to the knee
Femur
305
The smaller bone distal and lateral to the knee
Fibula
306
A condition in which 3 or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or in association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached from the rest of the thoracic cage
Flail Chest
307
The region below the rib cage and above the hip
Flank
308
A one way valve that allows air to leave the chest cavity but not return; formed by taping three sides of the occlusive dressing to the chest wall leaving the fourth side open as a valve
Flutter valve
309
Area where the neonate's or infants skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age
Fontanells
310
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen magnum
311
An inclined position in which the head of the bed is raised
Fowler position
312
A break in the continuity of the bone
Fracture
313
Burns that affect all skin layers and may affect the subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, and internal organs, leaving the area dry, leathery, white, dark brown or charred
Full thickness burns (3rd degree)
314
The dome shaped top of the uterus
Fundus
315
A sac that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
316
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiological source. These rays penetrate through the human body and require lead or several inches of concrete to prevent penetration
Gamma (X-Ray)
317
The overall initial impression that determines the priority for patient care.
General Impression
318
A seizure that features rhythmic back and forth motion of an extremity and body stiffness, or extreme twitching of all the body muscles formerly known as a grand mal seizure
generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure
319
The assessment and treatment of disease in someone who is 65 years or older
Geriatrics
320
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal layer
321
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who do not have diabetes before pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
322
An evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates and assigns point scores for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes
Glasgow Coma scale (GCS)
323
Another name for the eyeball
Globe
324
The space between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adults airway.
Glottis
325
Statutory provisions enacted by many states to protect citizens from liability for errors and omissions in giving good faith emergency medical care, unless there is wanton, gross or willful negligence
Good Samaritan Laws
326
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
Greater Trochanter
327
Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care
Gross Negligence
328
An "UH" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child's attempt to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of breathing
Grunting
329
Involuntary muscle contractions (spasm) of the abdominal wall to minimize the pain of movement and protect the inflamed abdomen.
Guarding
330
A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients
Head tilt-chin lift maneuver
331
A written document that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient, should he/she become unable to make decisions.
Health care directive Also known as an advance directive or living will
332
Federal legislation passed in 1996. Its main effect in EMS is in limiting availability of the patient's health care information and penalizing violations of patients privacy
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability ACT (HIPAA)
333
Painful muscle spasms usually associated with vigorous activity in a hot environment
Heat Cramps
334
A heat emergency in which a significant amount of fluid and electrolyte loss occurs because of heavy sweating
Heat Exhaustion
335
A life threatening condition of severe hyperthermia caused by exposure to excessive natural or artificial heat; marked by warm, dry skin; severely altered mental status
Heat Stroke
336
Vomited blood
Hematemesis
337
A mass of blood that has collected within damaged tissue beneath the skin or in a body cavity
Hematoma
338
Blood in the urine
Hematuria
339
Weakness on one side of the body
Hemiparesis
340
A hereditary condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the blood's normal clotting factors, which results in uncontrollable bleeding
Hemophilia
341
The accumulation of blood and air in the pleural space of the chest
Hemopneumothorax
342
The coughing up of blood
Hemoptysis
343
Bleeding
Hemorrhage
344
A type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke
345
A collection of blood in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax
346
inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function
Hepatitis
347
The protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal body opening
Hernia
348
Chemical substances released by the immune system in allergic reactions that are responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as vasodilation
Histamines
349
Structures through which materials pass, such as stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ureters, and urinary bladder
Hollow Organs
350
A balance of all the systems of the body
Homeostasis
351
A chemical substance produced by a gland that regulates the activity of organs and tissues; regulates many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
Hormone
352
The area immediately surrounding a hazardous material spill or incident site that endangers life and health. All responders working in this zone must wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment.
Hot Zone
353
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerous
354
A family of insects that include bees, ants, and yellow jackets.
Hymenoptera
355
Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream
Hypercarbia
356
An abnormally high blood glucose
Hyperglycemia
357
A life threatening condition resulting from high blood glucose that typically occurs in older adults, and which causes altered mental status, dehydration, and organ damage
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
358
Blood pressure that is higher than the normal range
Hypertension
359
A condition in which the body core temperature rises to 101 degrees Fahrenheit or more
Hyperthermia
360
Rapid or deep breathing that lowers the carbon dioxide level below normal; may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure, decreased venous return.
Hyperventilation
361
An abnormally low blood glucose level
Hypoglycemia
362
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called shock
Hypoperfusion
363
Blood pressure that is lower than the normal range
Hypotension
364
A condition in which the internal or core temperature falls below 95 degrees Fahrenheit
Hypothermia
365
A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in inadequate perfusion
Hypovolemic shock
366
A dangerous condition in which the body's tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen
Hypoxia
367
Type of consent in which a patient who is unable to give consent is given treatment under the legal assumption that he/she would want treatment
Implied Consent
368
Refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent
In loco parentis
369
Loss of bowel and/or bladder control; may be a result of a generalized seizure
Incontinence
370
Awareness that unseen life-threatening injuries may exist when determining the mechanism of injury
Index of suspicion
371
The therapeutic uses for a specific medication
Indications
372
Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object
Indirect contact
373
A young child age 1 month to 1 year
Infant
374
Death of a body tissue, usually caused by the interruption of its blood supply
Infarction
375
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
Inferior
376
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
Inferior vena cava
377
Permission for treatment given by a competent patient after the potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment have been explained
Informed consent
378
A hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that enables glucose in the blood to enter cells
Insulin
379
The space in between the cells
Interstitial space
380
The pressure within the cranial vault
Intracranial pressure
381
An injection into a muscle; a medication delivery route
Intramuscular (IM) injection
382
A delivery route in which a medication is pushed through a specialized atomizer device called a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) into the naris
Intranasal (IN)
383
An injection into the bone; a medication delivery route
Intraosseous (IO) injection
384
An injection directly into a vein; a medication delivery route
Intravenous (IV) injection
385
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic systems of the body
Involuntary muscle
386
The muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea that dilate and constrict the pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye; pigment in this tissue gives the eye its color
Iris
387
A lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not occurred
Ischemia
388
Yellow skin or sclera that is caused by liver disease or dysfunction
Jaundice
389
Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward
Jaw-thrust maneuver Used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury
390
A visual bulging of the jugular veins in the neck caused by fluid overload, pressure in the chest, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax
Jugular vein distention
391
A sorting system for pediatric patients younger than 8 years or weighing less than 100 pounds
Jumpstart triage There is a minor adaptation for infants because they cannot ambulate on their own
392
To walk or move about freely
Ambulate
393
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
Kidneys
394
The energy of a moving object
kinetic energy
395
Deep rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body
Kussmaul respirations
396
A forward curling of the back caused by an abnormal increase in the curvature of the spine
Kyphosis
397
Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and characterized by grunting, stridor, and the use of accessory muscles
Labored breathing
398
A deep jagged cut in the skin
Laceration
399
The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands
Lacrimal glands
400
A metabolic byproduct of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)
Lactic acid
401
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum.
Large intestine It also regulates water balance and eliminates solid waste
402
A complex structure where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box
Larynx
403
Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline
Lateral
404
The standard measure of the dose amount of an agent or substance that will kill 50% of the population who are exposed to this level
LD50
405
A length based tape to estimate an infant or child's weight on the basis of length; appropriate drug doses and equipment sizes are listed on the tape
Length based resuscitation tape Also called Broslow tape
406
The transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina
Lens
407
In the incident command, the person who relays information, concerns, and requests among responding agencies
Liaison officer
408
False or damaging information about a person that is communicated in writing
Libel
409
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
Ligament
410
A delivery in which the presenting part is a single arm or leg
Limb presentation
411
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body
Liver
412
In incident command, the position that helps procure and stockpile equipment and supplies during the incident
Logistics
413
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae
Lumbar spine
414
A thin, straw colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
Lymph
415
A passive circulatory system in the body that transports a plasma like liquid called lymph
Lymphatic system
416
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
417
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
418
An emergency situation involving three or more patients or that can place great demand on the equipment or personnel of the EMS system or has the potential to produce multiple casualties
Mass casualty incident
419
The prominent bony mass at the base of the skull about 1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear
Mastoid process
420
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
421
The forces, or energy transmission, applied to the body that cause injury
Mechanism of injury (MOI)
422
Fetal stool. When appearing as a dark green material in the amniotic fluid, it can indicate distress or disease in the newborn
Meconium
423
Parts of the body closer to the midline
Medial
424
Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs
Mediastinum
425
the most caudal subdivision of the brainstem, immediately continuous with the spinal cord,
Medulla Oblongata Coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
426
Black, foul smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood
Melena
427
Three distinctive layers of tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord within the skull and spinal canal
Meninges
428
An inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; it is usually cause by a virus or bacterium
Meningitis
429
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
Metabolism
430
Excessively constricted pupil; often bilateral
Miosis
431
The spontaneous passage of the fetus and placenta before 20 weeks; also called spontaneous abortion
Miscarriage
432
An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens his or her arms wide, spread the fingers, and seems to grab at things
Moro reflex
433
A device that is used to change a liquid into a spray and push it into a nostril
Mucosal atomizer device (MAD)
434
The linings of body cavities and passages that are in direct or indirect contact with the outside environment
Mucous Membranes
435
A woman who has had previous pregnancies
Multigravida
436
A substance that mutates, damages, and changes the structures of the DNA in the body's cells
Mutagen
437
Bruising of the heart muscle
Myocardial contusion
438
The heart muscle
Myocardium
439
A drug that produces sleep or altered level of consciousness
Narcotic
440
The external openings of the nostrils
Nares A single nostril opening is called a naris
441
An oxygen delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small tube-like prongs that fit into a patients nostrils
Nasal Cannula Delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen
442
Widening of the nostrils, indicating that there is an airway obstruction
Nasal Flaring
443
An airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently
Nasopharyngeal (nasal) airway
444
The nasal cavity, or part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth
Nasopharynx
445
Refusal or failure on the part of the parent or caregiver to provide life necessities
Neglect
446
Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide
Negligence
447
A newborn age birth to 1 month
Neonate
448
The basic filtering units in the kidneys
Nephrons
449
Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation
Neurogenic shock
450
A group of conditions in which the nerves leaving the spinal cord are damaged, resulting in distortion of signal to or from the brain
Neuropathy
451
A medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing blood vessels to dilate
Nitroglycerin
452
A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting
Nonrebreathing mask Delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases
453
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock
Norepinephrine Produces vasoconstriction through its alpha simulator properties
454
An umbilical cord that is wrapped around a fetus's neck
Nuchal cord
455
A complex condition in which a person has an excessive amount of body fat
Obesity
456
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occiput
457
A blockage, usually of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel
Occlusion
458
An airtight dressing that protects a wound from air and bacteria; a commercial vented version allows air to escape from the chest, while an unvented dressing made of petroleum dressing gauze, aluminum foil or plastic
Occlusive dressing
459
The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
460
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
Oncotic pressure
461
Any break in the bone in which the underlying skin has been broken
Open Fracture
462
A mnemonic used in evaluating a patient's pain: Onset, Provocation, Quality, Region/radiation, Severity and Timing
OPQRST
463
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
464
Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary
Oropharygeal Airway (OPA) also known as an oral airway
465
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
Oropharynx
466
Severe dyspnea experienced by lying down and relieved by sitting up
Orthopnea
467
A generalized bone disease, commonly associated with post menopausal women, in which there is a reduction in the amount of bone mass leading to fractures after minimal trauma in either sex
Osteoporosis
468
The primary female productive organs that produce sex hormones and an ovum, or egg, that if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
Ovaries
469
A gas that all cells need for metabolism; the heart and brain especially, cannot function without it
Oxygen
470
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position
Palmar
471
To examine or touch
Palpate
472
A flat solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; its a major source of the digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
473
An outbreak that occurs on a global scale
Outbreak
474
The motion of the portion of the chest wall that is detached in a flail chest; the motion-in during inhalation, out during exhalation- is exactly opposite of normal chest wall motion during breathing
Paradoxical motion
475
An individual who has extensive training in advanced life support, including endotracheal intubation, emergency pharmacology, cardiac monitoring, and other advanced assessment and treatment skills
Paramedic
476
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions such as digestion of food and relaxation, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
Parasympathetic nervous system
477
Severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breath
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
478
A seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain
Partial (focal) seizure
479
Burns that affect the epidermis and some portion of the dermis but not the subcutaneous tissue, characterized by blisters and skin that is white to red, moist and mottled
Partial-thickness (second degree) burns
480
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Patella
481
Open, and clear of obstruction
Patent
482
A microorganism that is capable of causing disease in a susceptible host
Pathogen
483
When an EMT assists the patient with the administration of his or her medications
Patient-assisted medication
484
A structured assessment tool used to form a general impression of the infant or child without touching him or her; consists of assessing appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin
Pediatric assessment triangle (PAT)
485
A device to splint the bony pelvis to reduce hemorrhage from bone ends, venous disruption, and pain
Pelvic binder
486
An infection of the fallopian tubes and the surrounding tissues of the pelvis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
487
Through the mouth; a medication delivery route; same as oral
Per os (PO)
488
Through the rectum; a medication delivery route
Per rectum (PR)
489
The circulation of oxygenated blood through body tissues and vessels; the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet current needs of the cells
Perfusion
490
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
491
In a female the area between the vagina and the anus
Perineum
492
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
Peristalsis
493
The abdominal cavity
Peritoneal cavity
494
The membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal; organs
Peritoneum
495
Negative findings that warrant no care or intervention
Pertinent negatives
496
An airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger that 6 years, in which the patient is feverish and exhibits a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection
Pertussis (whooping cough)
497
Nerve that innervates the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur
Phrenic nerve
498
The tissue attached to the uterine wall that nourishes the fetus through the umbilical cord.
Placenta
499
A condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix
Placenta Previa
500
The bottom surface of the foot
Plantar
501
A sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
502
Tiny disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
503
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax
Pleura
504
A collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung
Pleural effusion
505
An infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue; its cause can be viral, bacterial, or fungal
Pneumonia
506
A partial or complete accumulation of gas or air in the pleural space.
Pneumothorax
507
Tenderness that is sharply localized at the site of the injury, found by gently palpating along the bone with the tip of one finger
Point tenderness
508
Excessive thirst that persists for long periods, despite reasonable fluid intake; often a result of excessive urination
Polydipsia
509
Excessive eating; in diabetes, the inability to use glucose properly can cause a sense of hunger
Polyphagia
510
The passage of an unusually large volume of urine in a given period
Polyuria
511
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers
Pons
512
Restriction of chest wall movements and/or airway obstruction; can rapidly lead to sudden death
Positional asphyxia
513
The back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position
Posterior
514
The artery just behind the medial malleolus
Posterior tibial artery
515
The period following a seizure that lasts 5 to 30 minutes; characterized by labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status
Postictal state
516
A pregnancy complication that is characterized by high blood pressure, headache, visual changes, and swelling of the hands and feet
Preeclampsia
517
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
Preload
518
Children between the age 3 and 6 years
Preschool-age
519
The position in which an infant is born; defined by the part of the body that appears first
Presentation
520
A painful, tender, persistent erection of the penis; can result from spinal cord injury, erectile dysfunction drugs or sickle cell disease
Priapism
521
A step within the patient assessment process that identifies and initiates treatment of immediate and potential life threats
Primary Assessment
522
A woman who is experiencing her first pregnancy
Primigravida
523
A situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the fetus
Prolapsed cord
524
Lying face down
Prone
525
Closer to the trunk
Proximal
526
When a person who has a duty abuses it, and causes harm to another individual, the EMT, the agency and/or the medical director may be sued for negligence
Proximate causation
527
Shock caused by the sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope)
Psychogenic Shock
528
A mental disorder characterized by the loss of contact with reality
Psychosis
529
A hard bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic symphysis
530
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary Artery Carries deoxygenated blood
531
Injury or bruising of lung tissue that results in hemorrhage
Pulmonary contusion
532
A buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure
Pulmonary Edema
533
A blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing sudden blockage of the pulmonary artery and an obstruction of blood flow
Pulmonary embolism
534
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary Veins
535
The pressure wave created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle into the major arteries
Pulse
536
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
Pulse pressure
537
The circular opening in the middle of the iris that admits light to the back of the eye
Pupil
538
Decomposition of body tissues; a definitive sign of death
Putrefaction
539
Bruising under the eyes that may indicate a skull fracture
Raccoon eyes
540
The major artery of the forearm
Radial artery it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
541
The transfer of heat to colder objects in the environment
Radiation
542
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
543
A side lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients who are breathing adequately and do not have suspected injuries to the spine, hips or pelvis
Recovery position
544
The lowermost end of the colon
Rectum
545
Cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
546
To return a dislocated joint of fractures bone to its normal position
Reduce
547
pain felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of pain is located
Referred Pain
548
The area that provides protection and treatment to firefighters and other responders working at an emergency. Here, workers are medically monitored and receive any needed care as they enter ad leave the scene
Rehabilitation area
549
When the EMT or an EMS system is held liable even when the plaintiff is unable to clearly demonstrate how the injury occurred
Res ipsa loquitur dropping a cot and causing injury
550
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual volume
551
The way in which a patient responds to external stimuli, including verbal stimuli, tactile stimuli, and painful stimuli
Responsiveness
552
The light sensitive area of the eye where images are projected; a layer of cells at the back of the eye that changes the light image into electrical impulses which are carried by the optic nerve to the brain
Retina
553
Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration
Retractions
554
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
555
The space between the abdominal cavity and the posterior abdominal wall, containing the kidneys, certain large vessels, and parts of the gastrointestinal tract
Retroperitoneal space
556
The return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest
Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC)
557
A triage process in treating multiple victims of a lightning strike, in which efforts are focused on those who are in respiratory and cardiac arrest
Reverse triage Differs from conventional triage where such patients would be considered deceased
558
Course low pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in upper airways
Rhonchi
559
Stiffening of the body muscles; a definitive sign of death
Rigor Mortis Starting between 2 to 6 hours following death rigor mortis begins with the eyelids, neck, and jaw
560
A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area
Rule of Nines
561
Five vertebrae fused together inferior to the lumbar
Sacrum
562
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal (lateral) plane
563
Special types of intravenous devices filled with a small amount of normal saline to keep blood from clotting at the end of the catheter, allowing an iv site to be maintained without running fluids through the vein
Saline Locks (buff caps) Also called heparin locks
564
A brief history of a patient's condition to determine signs and symptoms, allergies, medications, pertinent past history, last oral intake, and events leading to the injury or illness
SAMPLE History
565
The shoulder blade located on the posterior body that is connected to the humerous with the clavicle
Scapula
566
Children between the ages of 6 to 12 years
School age
567
The major nerve of the lower extremities; controls much of muscle function in the leg and sensation in most of leg and foot
Sciatic Nerve
568
The tough fibrous, white portion of the eye that protects the more delicate inner structures
Sclera
569
Describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license.
Scope of Practice
570
A step in the patient assessment process in which a systematic physical examination of the patient is performed
Secondary assessment This is a detailed exam after the primary assessment to locate additional injuries that may be disguised by pain from main injury
571
A substance that decreases activity and excitement
Sedative
572
A neurological episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain
Seizure Can be convulsive characterized by generalized, uncoordinated muscular activity, and can be associated with loss of consciousness
573
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, smell, taste, heat, cold and pain from the body to the central nervous system
Sensory Nerves
574
shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection
Septic Shock
575
A syndrome seen in abused infants and children; subject to violent whiplash-type injuries inflicted by the abusing individual that may cause coma, seizures
Shaken-baby syndrome increased intracranial pressure due to tearing the cerebral veins with consequent bleeding into the brain
576
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation, and therefore inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery, to maintain normal cellular functions
Shock also called hypoperfusion
577
A hereditary disease that caused normal, round red blood cells to become oblong, or sickle shaped
Sickle cell disease
578
Any effects of a medication other than the desired ones
Side Effects
579
Objective findings that can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or, measured
Sign
580
knowledge and understanding of one's surroundings and the ability to recognize potential risks to the safety of the patient or EMS team
Situational awareness
581
False or damaging information about a person that is communicated by the spoken word
Slander
582
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth muscle
583
An upright position in which the patient's head and chin are thrust slightly forward to keep the airway open
Sniffing position The optimum position for the uninjured child who requires airway management
584
Solid masses of tissue where much of the chemical work of the body takes place (e.g., the liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
Solid organs
585
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
586
A device used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer
587
A developmental defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside the vertebrae and possibly outside of the body, usually at the lower third of the spine in the lumbar area
Spina Bifida
588
A pneumothorax that occurs when a weak area on the lung ruptures in the absence of major injury, allowing air to leak into the pleural space
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
589
A joint injury involving damage to supporting ligaments, and sometimes partial or temporary dislocation of bone ends
Sprain
590
the watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would exercise. If a person's actions do not meet this standard of care, then his/her acts fail to meet the duty of care which all people (supposedly) have toward others.
Standard of care
591
Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the CDC for prevention for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease
Standard precaution
592
Written documents, signed by the EMS system's medical director that outline specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care
Standing Orders Also called protocols
593
A patient sorting process that stands for Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment and uses limited assessment of the patient's ability to walk, respiratory status, hemodynamic status, and neurological status
START triage
594
A condition in which seizures recur every few minutes or last longer than 30 minutes
Status epilepticus
595
The breast bone
Sternum
596
An agent that produces an excited state
Stimulant
597
An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure
Stoma for example, in the neck, it connects the trachea directly to the skin
598
Stretching or tearing of a muscle; also called a muscle pull
Strain
599
A harsh high pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway
Stridor
600
An interruption of the blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function
Stroke Also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
601
The volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction
Stroke volume
602
A blood vessel just outside the brain ruptures. The area of the skull surrounding the brain rapidly fills with blood.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
603
injection into the fatty tissue between the skin and muscle; a medication delivery route
Subcutaneous injection
604
A characteristic crackling sensation felt on palpation of the skin, caused by the presence of air in the soft tissues
Subcutaneous emphysema
605
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous tissue
606
An accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain
Subdural hematoma
607
under the tongue; a medication delivery route
Sublingual
608
An open or penetrating chest wall wound through which air passes during inspiration and expiration, creating a sucking sound
Sucking chest wound
609
Death of an infant or young child that remains unexplained after a complete autopsy
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
610
Burns that only affect the epidermis, characterized by skin that is red but not blistered or actually burnt through
Superficial (First degree) burn
611
Above a body part or nearer the head
Superior
612
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
Superior vena cava
613
Lying face up
Supine
614
Low blood pressure resulting from the compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the pregnant uterus when the woman is supine
Supine hypotensive syndrome
615
A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded
Surfactant A low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome
616
a Bandage that passes around the chest to secure an injured arm to the chest
Swathe
617
Glands located in the dermal layer of skin that secrete sweat
Sweat glands
618
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear
Sympathetic nervous system Also known as the fight or flight syndrome
619
Subjective findings that the patient feels but that can be identified only by the patient
Symptom
620
Characteristic or indicative of a disease
Symptomatic
621
Neither causing or exhibiting symptoms of a disease
Asymptomatic
622
A fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness, often caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain
Syncope
623
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
Synovial fluid
624
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
625
A rapid heart rate, more than 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
626
Rapid breathing
Tachypnea
627
A process in which electrical signals are converted into coded, audible signals
Telemetry
628
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium
Temporal bones
629
The joint formed where the mandible and cranium meet; just in front of the ear
Temporomandibular joint
630
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
631
An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space that progressively increases pressure in the chest that interferes with cardiac function with potential fatal results
Tension pneumothorax
632
A pregnancy that has reached full term, between 39 weeks and 40 weeks
Term gestation
633
A male gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
634
The desired or intended effect of a medication is expected to have on the body
Therapeutic effect
635
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebra and the lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic spine
636
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels
Thorax
637
A blood clot that was formed in a blood vessel and is floating within the blood stream
Thromboembolism
638
A blood clot, either in the arterial or venous system
Thrombosis
639
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple
Thyroid cartilage
640
The larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Tibia
641
The amount of air that is moved in/out of the lungs during one relaxed breath
Tidal volume
642
A child age 1 to 3 years
Toddler
643
The need for increasing amounts of drug to obtain the same effect
Tolerance
644
Large semi rigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx
Tonsil Tip Also know as Yankauer tips
645
A wrongful act that gives rise to a civil lawsuit
Tort
646
The bleeding control method used when a wound continues to bleed despite the use of direct pressure and elevation
Tourniquet
647
The windpipe, the main opening for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
648
A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) into the trachea
Tracheostomy
649
Longitudinal force applied to a structure
Traction
650
Through the skin; a medication route
Transcutaneous (transdermal)
651
A disorder in the brain in which brain cells temporarily stop functioning because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke like symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
652
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse (axial) plane
653
A pattern of injuries seen after a severe force is applied to the chest, forcing blood from the great vessels into the head and neck
Traumatic asphyxia
654
A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
655
The process of sorting patients based on the severity of injury and medical need to establish treatment and transportation priorities
Triage
656
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
Triceps
657
An upright position in which the patient leans forward onto outstretched arms with the head and chin thrust slightly forward
Tripod position
658
A chronic bacterial disease, that usually affects the lungs but can also affect other organs such as the brain and kidneys
Tuberculosis (TB) It is spread by cough and can lie dormant in a persons lungs for decades then reactivate
659
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of the blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica Media
660
Layers of bone within the nasal cavity
Turbinates
661
The ability of the skin to resist deformation; tested by gently pinching skin on the forehead or back of the hand
Turgor
662
The eardrum, a thin semitransparent membrane of the middle ear that transmits sound vibrations to the internal ear by means of auditory ossicles
Tympanic membrane
663
The Medial bone of the forearm in the anatomic position
Ulna
664
The structure that connects the pregnant woman to the fetus via the placenta; contains 2 arteries and 1 vein
Umbilical cord
665
Severe kidney failure resulting in the buildup of waste products within the blood
Uremia
666
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
667
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
668
A sac behind the pubis symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary bladder
669
A bacterial infection, usually of the lower urinary tract (urethra and bladder) that occurs when normal flora bacteria enter the urethra and grow
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
670
Small areas of generalized itching/ and or burning that appear as multiple raised areas on the skin; hives
Urticaria
671
The muscular organ where the fetus grows, also called the womb; responsible for contractions during labor
Uterus
672
The narrowing of a blood vessel, such as with hypoperfusion and cold extremities
Vasoconstriction
673
The blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart
Veins
674
The anterior surface of the body
Ventral
675
One of two (right and left) lower chambers of the heart. The left chamber receives blood from the left atrium and delivers blood to the aorta. The right chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary artery
Ventricle
676
Disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles, resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest
Ventricular fibrillation
677
A rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium) which may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest
Ventricular Tachycardia
678
Very small, thin walled blood vessels carrying non oxygenated blood
Venules
679
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
Vertebrae
680
Blister agents; the primary route of this agent is through the skin
Vesicants
681
The strength or ability of a pathogen to produce disease
Virulence
682
The membrane that covers the lung
Visceral pleura
683
The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible
Vital capacity
684
The key signs that are used to evaluate the patient's overall condition, including respiration, pulse, blood pressure, level of consciousness, and skin characteristics
Vital Signs
685
The white bands of tough muscular tissue that are the lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production
Vocal cords
686
How long a chemical agent will stay on the surface before it evaporates
Volatility
687
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will
Voluntary muscle
688
The decontamination corridor is located in this zone at a hazardous material incident
Warm zone
689
A raised, swollen, well defined area on the skin resulting from an insect bite or allergic reaction
Wheal
690
A high pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways
Wheezing Occurs in asthma, bronchiolitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
691
Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection
White blood cells Also known as leukocytes
692
An indicator of oxygen and ventilation; reflects the patient's attempt to compensate for hypoxia
Work of breathing
693
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid process
694
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae
Zygomas
695
Having diminished arousal and awareness, often as the result of intoxication, metabolic illness, infection, or neurological catastrophe.
Obtunded
696
difficulty in swallowing;
Dysphagia
697
above the sternum retractions
Suprasternal retractions
698
a noninvasive method of indicating the arterial oxygen saturation of functional hemoglobin
pulse oximetry
699
process of using non rebreather mask (NRM) with oxygen next to child's mouth when they cannot tolerate NRM attached to face
Blow By Oxygen
700
A device used to measure sugar levels in blood.
Glucometer
701
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.
Lethargy
702
self-originated; occurring without known cause.
Idiopathic
703
pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system.
Neurologic
704
Having to do with inflammation, the body's response to either invading foreign substances (such as viruses or bacteria) or to direct injury of body tissue.
Inflammatory
705
pertaining to the whole body rather than to a localized area or regional part of the body.
Systemic
706
usually begins with bilateral jerks of the extremities or focal seizure activity. There is loss of consciousness and both tonic and clonic type convulsions. The patient may be incontinent during the attack and there is danger of tongue biting. In the postictal phase the patient is confused and drowsy.
Grand Mal Seizure
707
There typically is a twitching about the eyes or mouth, the patient remains sitting or standing, and appears to have had no more than a lapse of attention or a moment of absent-mindedness.
Petit mal Seizure
708
Minute hemorrhagic spots, of pinpoint to pinhead size, in the skin, which are not blanched by pressure -a rash
Petechiae
709
An agent that reduces fever (for example, acetaminophen, aspirin).
Antipyretic
710
Dilation of a blood vessel, as by the action of a nerve or drug.
Vasodilation
