Vocabulary

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The scientific study of heredity and variation

Question 2

Heredity

Answer 2

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Question 3

Types of variation

Answer 3

Genotypic and phenotypic

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

Segments of DNA, code for proteins

Question 5

Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called ___ (sperm and eggs).

Answer 5

Gametes

Question 6

Each gene has a specific location called a ___ on a certain chromosome.

Answer 6

Locus

Question 7

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 7

A single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

Question 8

Clone

Answer 8

A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

Question 9

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 9

Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

Question 10

Life cycle

Answer 10

Generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

Question 11

Human ___ ___ (any cell other than a gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes (n=23, 2n=46).

Answer 11

Somatic Cells

Question 12

Gametes are ___, so human gametes have just one set of 23 chromosomes.

Answer 12

Haploid

Question 13

The two chromosomes in each pair are called ___ ___, or homologs.

Answer 13

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 14

Cells with two sets of chromosomes are ___.

Answer 14

Diploid

Question 15

Centromere

Answer 15

Where sister chromatids meet

Question 16

Sister Chromatid

Answer 16

Either of the two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome; ‘one-half’ of the duplicated chromosome

Question 17

Of our 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of them are ___, the non-sex chromosomes.

Answer 17

Autosomes

Question 18

The ___ ___, which determine the sex of an individual, are called X and Y.

Answer 18

Sex Chromosomes

Question 19

What maintains genetic variation among populations?

Answer 19

Independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, and random fertilization

Question 20

Independent Assortment

Answer 20

Homologs assort themselves independently of other pairs

Question 21

Crossing Over

Answer 21

Homologous portions of two non-sister chromatids trade places

Question 22

Recombinant Chromosomes

Answer 22

Combine DNA inherited from each parent; new combinations of genes and therefore contribute to genetic variation in the gametes

Question 23

Random Fertilization

Answer 23

Any sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg); adds to genetic variation

Question 24

Genetic variation is increased by sexual reproduction but depends on ___.

Answer 24

Mutation

Question 25

Mutation

Answer 25

A change in an organism's DNA; the original source of genetic diversity

Question 26

Mutations create different versions of genes called ___/

Answer 26

Alleles

Question 27

Variation depends on ___, evolution depends on ___.

Answer 27

Mutation; Variation

Question 28

Natural Selection

Answer 28

Some genetic combinations are more fit for their environment than others; they, as a result, have more offspring, leaving the next generation with more of the genes that are advantageous for that environment

Question 29

Binary Fission

Answer 29

Cell replicates and splits in two; no variation

Question 30

Sporophyte

Answer 30

Multicellular diploid organism in plant/algae life cycle

Question 31

Gametophyte

Answer 31

Multicellular haploid organism in plant/algae life cycle

Question 32

Spore

Answer 32

Haploid reproductive cell

Question 33

Mycelium

Answer 33

Bundle of hyphae; grows in adult mushroom

Question 34

Plasmogamy

Answer 34

Fusion of cytoplasm; does not fuse nuclei (cells are still haploid)

Question 35

Dikaryon

Answer 35

Two-nucleus hyphae cell

Question 36

Karyogamy

Answer 36

Fusion of the two nuclei; forms diploid zygote

Question 37

True-Breeding

Answer 37

Produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

Question 38

Law of Segregation

Answer 38

Two alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Question 39

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 39

Phenotype of heterozygote is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

Question 40

Co-Dominance

Answer 40

Three phenotypes; the heterozygote is not a midpoint between the two homozygous

Question 41

Pleiotropy

Answer 41

Genes have multiple phenotypic effects

Question 42

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 42

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

Question 43

Quantitative Characters

Answer 43

Characters that vary in the population along a continuum

Question 44

Epistasis

Answer 44

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

Question 45

Norm of Reaction

Answer 45

Phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

Question 46

Multifactorial Characters

Answer 46

Influenced by both genetic and environmental factors