Vocabulary

Question 1

Acupuncture

Answer 1

Traditional Chinese medical system for curing disease + relieving pain, intended to return the body to balances in “flow of energy”

Question 2

AIDS

Answer 2

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, last stage of HIV, immune system fails to function

Question 3

Autoimmune disease

Answer 3

Disorder of an individuals immune system, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes, + lupus are auto immune disorders + triggered by external stimuli more common in women

Question 4

Bewitching

Answer 4

Using magical arts or assistance of supernatural beings to cause something to occur, integral part of witchcraft

Question 5

Cholera

Answer 5

Severe bacterial infection in intestines, causes profuse diarrhea, vomiting, rapid dehydration + death, from contaminated water

Question 6

Contagious magic

Answer 6

Magic based in principle that things or persons once in contact can afterward influence each other, permanent relationship between an individual + any part of their body, believers must take special precautions with their hair, fingerprints, teeth, clothes, and feces

Question 7

Culture bound syndrome

Answer 7

Disease that has a very limited distribution around the world due to unique sets of environment, circumstances + cultural practices

Question 8

Curandero

Answer 8

Latin American folk curers, believe that they have received divine calling to their profession, usually apprentice for years, in New Mexico, Central America there are curandero generalists + specialists. Yerberos- know about herbs, Parteras specializes in massage, also may specialize in particular kinds of illness

Question 9

Developed Nation

Answer 9

Relatively wealthy + usually industrialized

Question 10

Disease Vector

Answer 10

intermediate host and/or disease transmitting organism for contagious diseases e.g. mosquito, ticks

Question 11

Divination

Answer 11

magical procedure by which cause of particular event or future is determined

Question 12

Dysentery

Answer 12

severe bacterial or amoebic infection of intestines which results in diarrhea, abdominal pain, + fatigue. Causes significant dehydration. Amoebic form can develop slowly + becomes chronic. If not treated, can result in death

Question 13

Endemic

Answer 13

Disease that is always present in a community (malaria, arthritis, high blood pressure)

Question 14

Epidemic

Answer 14

Disease that usually is highly contagious, but not always present in a community, appears, rises rapidly in numbers of cases, + then declines or even disappears (measles, influenza, + plague)

Question 15

Epidemiology

Answer 15

field of medicinal research that studies causes of diseases + how to cure or control them, also tracks frequency and geographic distribution of diseases over time, they study the casual relationships between diseases

Question 16

Ethnocentrism

Answer 16

feeling that your own group’s cultural traditions + values are correct + superior to all others, usually coupled with a generalized dislike and/or even contempt for people who have other cultural traditions, ethnocentrism is universal

Question 17

Ethnopharmacology

Answer 17

Scientific study of traditional uses of plants + other organisms, this is a specialization within ethnobiology which is an interdisciplinary field of research carried out by people trained in cultural anthropology, biological and medicine

Question 18

HIV

Answer 18

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, class of viruses that can cause AIDS, spread person to person via blood transfusions, blood products, sexual intercourse, + breast milk, it is a retrovirus, there can be a delay in years between acquiring the virus and the first symptoms of AIDS

Question 19

Humoral Pathology

Answer 19

Naturalistic medicinal system based on the idea that our bodies have 4 important fluids or humors. Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Each has its own “complexion” Blood= hot + wet, Phlegm= cold +wet, Black bile= cold+dry, Yellow bile= hot+dry. The complexions have nothing to do with actual temperature and humidity.
3 internal organs are considered highly important: heart(dry+cold), brain(wet+cold), liver(hot+wet)
Specific forms of illness, medicines, foods, + most natural objects have specific complexions
curing an illness involves discovering a complexion imbalance and rectifying it

Question 20

Hyperendemic

Answer 20

endemic disease present at a continuously high frequency within a population

Question 21

Indigenous World View

Answer 21

believed that humans are not separate from nature + the supernatural world

Question 22

Koro

Answer 22

irrational perception that one’s sexual body parts are withdrawing into the body

Question 23

Kuru

Answer 23

fatal disease cause by prions that are found among South Fore people, symptoms include palsy, contracted facial muscles, loss of motor control, victims become progressively emaciated, death is always 6-12 months of onset of symptoms, spread as a result of cannibalism, variety of creutzfeld jacobs disease, the human form of mad cow disease

Question 24

Kwashiokor

Answer 24

severe disease of infants + young children caused by consistent inadequate consumption of protein + specific minerals, children with it usually have distended bellies due to edema(fluid retention), + slender arms and legs due to low fat and muscle, skins flakes off leaving pink patches, hair can lose coloration and/or fall out, may cause death, survivors often stunted in growth, common in 3rd world nations where diet primarily consists of cereals, children are usually weaned too early

Question 25

Large-scale society

Answer 25

society with cities, industry, intensive agriculture + complex international economy, importance of kinship is diminished in comparison to small scale societies

Question 26

Machismo

Answer 26

Spanish+ Latin American ideal of men being overtly masculine, idea was brought to the new world from Spain + Portugal, origin was probably found in Islamic cultural traditions of North America

Question 27

Magic

Answer 27

using ritual formulas to compel or influence supernatural beings or powers to act for good or evil purposes(crops improved, game herds replenished, illness cured)

Question 28

Malaria

Answer 28

caused by any of 4 microorganisms, transmitted by mosquito person to person, high fever + sometimes fatal irregularities of brain, liver, kidney, and/or blood, 100,000,000 new cases of malaria annually, approximately 1,500,000 people die from it

Question 29

Mal de Ojo

Answer 29

Personalistic illness in Latin America + parts of Mediterranean Basin, resulting from soul loss, cause thought to be a strong person staring at a weak person, symptoms: cries compulsively without cause, fitful sleep, diarrhea, vomiting, + or fever, is cured by curandero

Question 30

Medical System

Answer 30

system of explaining, diagnosing, + curing illness, 2 broad types- naturalistic and personalistic

Question 31

Modal Personality

Answer 31

most common personality type within a society. Personality traits or characteristics typical of society in which person resides, tradition oriented personality, places strong emphasis on doing things the same way they have always been done, individuals are less likely to try new things + seek new experiences. includes inner directed personalities, guilt oriented, behavior is strongly controlled by conscience, as result, there is little need for police to make sure they obey the law, likely to turn themselves in for punishment

Question 32

Other directed Personalities

Answer 32

Have a more ambiguous feelings about right and wrong, deviate from societal norm, don't feel guilty, but when caught in the act, they are likely to feel shame

Question 33

Naturalistic Medical System

Answer 33

System that explains illness as being due to impersonal, mechanistic causes in nature that can be potentially understood and cured by application of scientific method of discovery, typical causes in this system include: organic breakdown or deterioration, injury, abstruction, malnutrition and parasites. Students in med school throughout the modern world are taught this

Question 34

Pandemic

Answer 34

Epidemic that has spread though human populations across a large region( or even world wide), is widespread epidemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick is not a pandemic

Question 35

Paranoia

Answer 35

mental disorder characterized by delusions usually about oneself, usually involve an irrational sense of jealousy, persecution, grandeur, or love

Question 36

Pathological

Answer 36

Structural or functional change in the body, resulting from a disease, deterioration from normal health

Question 37

Personalistic Medical System

Answer 37

explains illness as being due to acts or wishes of other people or supernatural beings, believe that causes and cures of illness are not to be found only in the natural world, curers must usually use supernatural mean to diagnose and cure, typical causes of illness in personalistic medical systems include, intrusion of foreign objects into the body by supernatural means, spirit possession, loss, or damage, + bewitching, Most of non-western world traditionally accepted a personalistic explanation for illness

Question 38

Prion

Answer 38

Protein that had the ability to causes that cells it invades to repeatedly duplicate it, they are responsible for kuru and similar diseases, not effectively attacked by their hosts immune system and cannot be killed with existing antibiotics

Question 39

Rickets Disease

Answer 39

Disease in the skeletal system in which the bones are softened + often bent as a result of vitamin D deficiency in the diet of malnourished children

Question 40

Schistosomiasis

Answer 40

tropical disease that begins with an itchy rash + flu like symptom, over time, the intestines and bladder develop bleeding ulcers + scar tissue, death can be a result from kidney failure, bladder tumors + or liver abnormalities, is caused by infestation of flukes that live in slow moving rivers, polluted with human feces, parasite enters through the skin, larval stages of flukes live in an aquatic snail

Question 41

Shaman

Answer 41

person who is not part of organized religion, is in direct contact with the spirit world, has spirit helpers at their command to carry out curing, divining, and bewitching. Their power is acquired individually in physical or mental solitude/isolation from other humans, spirits + supernatural entities are revealed to the shaman + they learn hoe to control them

Question 42

Small-scale society

Answer 42

made of a few dozen to several 1,000, live by foraging wild foods, herding domesticated animals, or non-intensive horticulture on village level, lack cities, complex economies and governments, kinship relationships are usually highly important

Question 43

Susto

Answer 43

personalistic illness found among some Latinos, presumed cause is loss of one's soul due to incidents that have a destabilizing effect on individual, symptoms are restlessness during sleep, being listless, weak when awake, lack of appetite, + little interest in one's personal appearance

Question 44

sympathetic magic

Answer 44

based on idea that "like produces like" - what happens to image of someone will happen to them, also known as "imitative magic" (voodoo doll)

Question 45

Underdeveloped Nation

Answer 45

where most people are persistently poor due to the way they are integrated into the world economic system, usually provide cheap raw materials + labor for rich, developed nations + purchase their manufactured goods at high prices (Bangladesh, Guatemala)

Question 46

Western World

Answer 46

nations dominated by European derived culture, it includes, Europe, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and a few others

Question 47

Windigo Psychosis

Answer 47

Culture bound among Algonquin language group of Native Americans(???) usually developed in winter, symptoms of this form of mental illness were poor appetite, nausea, + vomiting, individual would develop a characteristic delusion of being transformed into a Windigo monster, these supernatural beings eat human flesh, people who have this increasingly see others around them as being edible

Question 48

Witchcraft

Answer 48

Actions involving magic or supernatural powers for purpose of doing harm

Question 49

World View

Answer 49

a complex of motivations, perceptions, + beliefs that we internalize + strongly affect how we interact with other people + things in nature