Vocabulary

Question 1

Anoxia

Answer 1

No oxygen

Question 2

Aphonia

Answer 2

A complete loss of voice

Question 3

Ataxia

Answer 3

Damage to the cerebellum or cerebellar control circuitry results in incoordination and reduced muscle tone

Question 4

Cancellation

Answer 4

1st technique for stuttering; an individual is require to complete the word that was stuttered and pause deliberately following the production of that stuttered word in slow motion. This provides practice with the motorist integration and speech timing movements that are required for a fluent production of that word. When the individual reaches a criterion level of cancellation policy, then will move on to the 2nd technique

Question 5

Cerebral palsy

Answer 5

A heterogeneous group of neurogenic disorders that result in difficulty with motor movement; were acquired before, during, or shortly after birth; and affect one or more limbs

Question 6

Cluttering

Answer 6

(Also called tachyphemia or tachyphrasia)
A fluency disorder characterized by a rapid and/or irregular speaking rate, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand

Question 7

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF)

Answer 7

A system that uses a microphone and earphones. A person wearing the earphones speaks into the microphone, which transmits the speech to a device that electronically delays sending the speech to the earphones. If the delay were set at 250 milliseconds (1/4 seconds), the speaker would hear his/her utterance 1/4 of a second after it was uttered. DAF causes the speaker to reduce the rate of speaking.

Question 8

Developmental stuttering

Answer 8

Most common form of stuttering begins in the preschool years

Question 9

Diplophonia

Answer 9

The perception of two vocal frequencies; occurs because of the increase in mass of one vocal fold as a result of a polyp.

Question 10

Dysarthria

Answer 10

One of several motor speech disorders that involve impaired articulation, respiration, phonation, or prosody as a result of paralysis, muscle weakness, or poor coordination. Motor function may be excessively slow or rapid, decreased in range or strength, and have poor directionality and timing.

Question 11

Endoscope

Answer 11

A lens coupled with a light source that is used for viewing internal bodily structures, including the vocal folds.

Question 12

Habitual Pitch

Answer 12

The basic frequency level that an individual use most of the time

Question 13

Hyperadduction

Answer 13

Excessive movement toward the midline, often resulting in a tense voice quality.

Question 14

Hypertonia

Answer 14

Excess muscle tone

Question 15

Hypoadduction

Answer 15

Reduced or insufficient level of adduction

Question 16

Hypotonia

Answer 16

Insufficient muscle tone

Question 17

Interjection

Answer 17

One or two repetitions; if more than two repeats = stuttering

Question 18

Monotone

Answer 18

The result of not varying the habitual speaking frequency during speech production.

Question 19

Neurogenic stuttering

Answer 19

A disorder of fluency associated with some form of brain damage; and is acquired after childhood

Question 20

Optimal pitch

Answer 20

The frequency of vocal fold movement that allows optimal resonance with least vocal effort

Question 21

Oral apraxia

Answer 21

A disorder where the child who typically is a “late talker” is unable to coordinate and/or initiate movement of their articulators on command

Question 22

Pitch

Answer 22

The perceptual counterpart to fundamental frequency associated with the speed of vocal fold vibration.

Question 23

Preparatory set

Answer 23

3rd technique for stuttering; involves using the slow-motion speech strategies that were learned during the first 2 phases of treatment, not as a response to an occurrence of stuttering, but in anticipation of stuttering. A person who stutters typically knows when and on what word a stuttering moment will occur. When an individual anticipates stuttering, he or she starts preparing to use the newly learned fluency-producing strategies before the word is attempted. The goal of this phase is to initiate a word in a more fluent manner, even though the individual is producing consecutive speech movements and transitions in a slowed manner.

Question 24

Prolonged speech

Answer 24

A group of speech rate reduction techniques (e.g., prolonged, continuous phonation; gentle voice onsets; light articulatory contacts) used to treat stuttering and establish stutter-free speech

Question 25

Pull-out phase of theory

Answer 25

2nd technique for stuttering; the individual does not wait until after the stuttered word is completed to correct an inappropriate behavior. Rather, the individual modifies the stuttered word during the actual occurrence of the stuttering. This modification involves slowing down the sequential movements of the syllable or word when stuttering occurs, in a fashion similar to the slowed and exaggerated movements used in the cancellation phase. So, the individual is modifying the stuttering online, “pulling out” of the stuttering behavior and completing it with a more fluent production of the intended word. Once the individual reaches a criterion level of proficiency, then will move on to the last stage.

Question 26

Revision

Answer 26

The dominant disfluency type when the child is approximately 3 years old; such as “He can’t- he won’t play baseball”

Question 27

Secondary symptom

Answer 27

Behaviors that occur concomitantly with stuttered disfluencies. Some behaviors: blinking of the eyes, facial grimacing, facial tension, and exaggerated movements of the head, shoulders, and arms

Question 28

Stuttering

Answer 28

A disorder of speech fluency characterized by hesitations, repetitions, prolongation, tension, and avoidance behaviors

Question 29

Vocal intensity

Answer 29

Loudness measured in decibels; when vocal intensity increases, the perceived loudness of the voice increases. In normal conversational speech averages around 60dB. When the alveolar pressure doubles, there is an 8-12 dB increase in vocal intensity.

Question 30

Vocal nodules

Answer 30

Localized growths on the vocal folds that are associated with vocal abuse.